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How Well Do Vaccines Work?
How Well Do Vaccines Work?

... A., Rivetti, D. (2007). Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001269. ...
Whooping cough vaccine cpt
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... Approval for use of the vaccine was based on many clinical trials and studies showing that it is safe. People who were subjects of the studies had very few side effects. The most common side effect is temporary soreness at the site of injection. There is also no risk of getting an HPV infection from ...
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... that produce a thick golden yellow discharge that dries and crusts and sticks to the skin. ...
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... sites for outbreaks, and regular skin testing of employees and residents with tuberculin is now required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Skin testing should be done by means of the intradermal (Mantoux) technique. A two-step technique (to unmask tuberculin reactivity due to the ...
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... and the availability of efficacious drugs. TB still kills about two million people annually, and approximately one-third of the world’s population is asymptomatically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis1, the main causative agent of this disease. Although effective treatments are available, the ...
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... Health Department and offers practical guidance for clinicians that we believe will help mitigate the future impact of these diseases. The effectiveness of public health investigations often depends on the timeliness of notification. Prompt reporting by clinicians can dramatically impact the course ...
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... years. Travellers have become concerned either because of risk of contracting pertussis themselves or because, if infected, they may put very young children who are too young to be vaccinated at risk (e.g. grandparents visiting new grandchildren). In many countries reported cases of pertussis are in ...
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Tuberculosis



Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus), in the past also called phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, or consumption, is a widespread, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.The classic symptoms of active TB infection are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss (the last of these giving rise to the formerly common term for the disease, ""consumption""). Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. Diagnosis of active TB relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or blood tests. Treatment is difficult and requires administration of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Household, workplace and social contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infections. Prevention relies on early detection and treatment of cases and on screening programs and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.One-third of the world's population is thought to have been infected with M. tuberculosis, and new infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2007, an estimated 13.7 million chronic cases were active globally, while in 2013, an estimated 9 million new cases occurred. In 2013 there were between 1.3 and 1.5 million associated deaths, most of which occurred in developing countries. The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2006, and new cases have decreased since 2002. The rate of tuberculosis in different areas varies across the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries tests positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the United States population tests positive. More people in the developing world contract tuberculosis because of a poor immune system, largely due to high rates of HIV infection and the corresponding development of AIDS.
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