HIV is a double-stranded RNA retrovirus that primarily infects lymphocytes,... macrophages. It is transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids... – HIV
... sexual activity, injection-drug use, occupational exposure, hemodialysis, and transfusion of blood products. HBV is also spread from mother to infant during pregnancy and childbirth. HBV infects the cells of the liver causing inflamation and disrupting its function. Here is what typically happens: A ...
... sexual activity, injection-drug use, occupational exposure, hemodialysis, and transfusion of blood products. HBV is also spread from mother to infant during pregnancy and childbirth. HBV infects the cells of the liver causing inflamation and disrupting its function. Here is what typically happens: A ...
Fungi
... Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918. The Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957. The Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968. An influenza pandemic occurs when: A new subtype of virus arises. This means humans have little or no immunity to it; therefore, everyo ...
... Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918. The Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957. The Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968. An influenza pandemic occurs when: A new subtype of virus arises. This means humans have little or no immunity to it; therefore, everyo ...
Practice Exam 1 – ANSWERS
... A. Their research has been reviewed by friends and family (peers). B. They are an expert in their field, so we can assume that their research is valid. Their credibility can rest on their reputation alone. C. Their work has been reviewed and critiqued by other experts in their field. D. Their findin ...
... A. Their research has been reviewed by friends and family (peers). B. They are an expert in their field, so we can assume that their research is valid. Their credibility can rest on their reputation alone. C. Their work has been reviewed and critiqued by other experts in their field. D. Their findin ...
Lytic cycle
... New strains of flu originate in the Far East -Virus hosts are ducks, chicken and pigs -In 1997, avian influenza A(H5N1) was discovered -“Bird flu” has killed over 100 people -However, it does not appear to spread between humans ...
... New strains of flu originate in the Far East -Virus hosts are ducks, chicken and pigs -In 1997, avian influenza A(H5N1) was discovered -“Bird flu” has killed over 100 people -However, it does not appear to spread between humans ...
foot and mouth disease
... organic matter under moist and cool temperatures. Can persist in contaminated fodder and the environment for up to 1 month, depending on the temperature and pH conditions. ...
... organic matter under moist and cool temperatures. Can persist in contaminated fodder and the environment for up to 1 month, depending on the temperature and pH conditions. ...
Revised: February 2017 AN: 00207/2016 SUMMARY OF PRODUCT
... 4.5 Special precautions for use Special precautions for use in animals Vaccinate healthy birds only. It is not recommended to vaccinate birds younger than 10 days of age, regardless of the level of maternally derived antibodies (see section 4.9). The vaccine contains an “intermediate-plus” virus str ...
... 4.5 Special precautions for use Special precautions for use in animals Vaccinate healthy birds only. It is not recommended to vaccinate birds younger than 10 days of age, regardless of the level of maternally derived antibodies (see section 4.9). The vaccine contains an “intermediate-plus” virus str ...
Cell culture and new technologies for in
... To compare the efficiency of the 3D system to the conventional 2D system. In addition, cells grown in the 3D system were transferred to a 2D system and infected. This aims to produce the best tool with which to examine large numbers of samples and thereby investigate potential transmission routes. ...
... To compare the efficiency of the 3D system to the conventional 2D system. In addition, cells grown in the 3D system were transferred to a 2D system and infected. This aims to produce the best tool with which to examine large numbers of samples and thereby investigate potential transmission routes. ...
Population Geography
... spread of Mers-CoV,” said David Swerdlow, who is leading the agency’s Mers response. “It’s possible that as the investigation continues, others may also test positive for Mers-CoV infection but not get sick.” The United States has previously announced two confirmed cases of Mers, or Middle East Resp ...
... spread of Mers-CoV,” said David Swerdlow, who is leading the agency’s Mers response. “It’s possible that as the investigation continues, others may also test positive for Mers-CoV infection but not get sick.” The United States has previously announced two confirmed cases of Mers, or Middle East Resp ...
What is hepatitis A virus (HAV)? Transmission • Anal/oral contact, by
... urine/light stools and fever. • The incubation period averages 30 days; however, an infected individual can transmit the virus to others as early as two weeks before symptoms appear. • Symptoms will disappear over a 3 to 6-month period until complete recovery occurs. Treatment There is no specific t ...
... urine/light stools and fever. • The incubation period averages 30 days; however, an infected individual can transmit the virus to others as early as two weeks before symptoms appear. • Symptoms will disappear over a 3 to 6-month period until complete recovery occurs. Treatment There is no specific t ...
A novel plant virus with unique properties infecting Japanese holly fern
... same virus in all three specimens. Similar dsRNA profiles were obtained from all diseased JHF plants of different geographical origins, supporting their association with the symptoms as well as the relatively wide distribution of the virus. In addition to leaf tissue, dsRNAs were detected readily fr ...
... same virus in all three specimens. Similar dsRNA profiles were obtained from all diseased JHF plants of different geographical origins, supporting their association with the symptoms as well as the relatively wide distribution of the virus. In addition to leaf tissue, dsRNAs were detected readily fr ...
Document
... • Soviet authorities in the 1970s had viewed the acceptance of the Convention by virtually all countries as presenting an unusual opportunity for the Soviet Union to gain an important advantage in the Cold War. • Accordingly, an extensive expansion of its bioweapons research and production capacity ...
... • Soviet authorities in the 1970s had viewed the acceptance of the Convention by virtually all countries as presenting an unusual opportunity for the Soviet Union to gain an important advantage in the Cold War. • Accordingly, an extensive expansion of its bioweapons research and production capacity ...
3. List differential diagnoses for the neck swelling in this patient
... Hospital-acquired pneumonia • develops at least 48 hours after hospital admission • microaspirationof bacteria that colonize the oropharynx and upper airways in seriously ill patients • Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) includes: – ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) – postoperative pneumonia – pn ...
... Hospital-acquired pneumonia • develops at least 48 hours after hospital admission • microaspirationof bacteria that colonize the oropharynx and upper airways in seriously ill patients • Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) includes: – ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) – postoperative pneumonia – pn ...
Myopericarditis Caused by H1N1 Virus Infection
... While viruses are the most common causes of the myocarditis, other agents such as bacteria, fungi, autoimmune diseases and pharmacological agents may lead to myocarditis. Viral myocarditis frequently occurs after a recently experienced upper respiratory tract infection, which is generally asymptomat ...
... While viruses are the most common causes of the myocarditis, other agents such as bacteria, fungi, autoimmune diseases and pharmacological agents may lead to myocarditis. Viral myocarditis frequently occurs after a recently experienced upper respiratory tract infection, which is generally asymptomat ...
Simulated-likelihood-based Inference for an outbreak of equine
... Depends of the contacts between the horses in the different yards: very difficult to quantify (shared facilities, contacts when moving, routes taken for going to training, vets, air spread…) usually considered as one spatial and one stochastic part Assumptions can be made to reduce the number of par ...
... Depends of the contacts between the horses in the different yards: very difficult to quantify (shared facilities, contacts when moving, routes taken for going to training, vets, air spread…) usually considered as one spatial and one stochastic part Assumptions can be made to reduce the number of par ...
COMMISSION DECISION of 27 February 2004 on measures to
... and of the measures taken to control it. By Commission Decision 2003/64/EC (2), the Member States were provisionally required to take measures against the introduction into and the spread within the Community of Pepino mosaic virus. That Decision has ceased to apply on 31 January 2004. Pepino mosaic ...
... and of the measures taken to control it. By Commission Decision 2003/64/EC (2), the Member States were provisionally required to take measures against the introduction into and the spread within the Community of Pepino mosaic virus. That Decision has ceased to apply on 31 January 2004. Pepino mosaic ...
Avian influenza in human
... Suspect Sumatra H5N1 Cluster Raises Pandemic Concerns This cluster has 8 family members who have died or are hospitalized with bird flu symptoms, signaling a more efficient transmission of H5N1. ...
... Suspect Sumatra H5N1 Cluster Raises Pandemic Concerns This cluster has 8 family members who have died or are hospitalized with bird flu symptoms, signaling a more efficient transmission of H5N1. ...
Infections in Healthcare and Medical Asepsis Infection Infection
... • Contact : physical touch (direct or indirect) • Droplet: microbes are spread short distances (less than 1 meter) in the air by droplets – coughing, sneezing and talking • Airborne: microbes are transmitted long distances (greater than 1 meter) by air currents • Vehicle: microbes are transmitted by ...
... • Contact : physical touch (direct or indirect) • Droplet: microbes are spread short distances (less than 1 meter) in the air by droplets – coughing, sneezing and talking • Airborne: microbes are transmitted long distances (greater than 1 meter) by air currents • Vehicle: microbes are transmitted by ...
Meningitis and Encephalitis
... iii. Three major ways in which the infectious agent can gain access into the CSF 1. Organisms living in the mouth/nose colonize these areas, invade the bloodstream and seed into the CSF a. Most common pathway 2. Direct contiguous spread a. infection close to brain that spreads into the brain 3. Retr ...
... iii. Three major ways in which the infectious agent can gain access into the CSF 1. Organisms living in the mouth/nose colonize these areas, invade the bloodstream and seed into the CSF a. Most common pathway 2. Direct contiguous spread a. infection close to brain that spreads into the brain 3. Retr ...
the Ebola Virus Disease Frequently Asked Questions and
... familiar with the WHO Infection, Prevention and Control (IPC) Guidance.available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/evdguidance-summary/en/; and WHO guidance on PPE in the context of Filovirus Disease Outbreak Response at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/ebola-ppeguidelines/e ...
... familiar with the WHO Infection, Prevention and Control (IPC) Guidance.available at: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/evdguidance-summary/en/; and WHO guidance on PPE in the context of Filovirus Disease Outbreak Response at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/ebola-ppeguidelines/e ...
Simulating immunity
... 7. Helper T-cells cause killer T-cells and B-cells, as well as themselves to proliferate in response to other cytokines. 8. B-cells differentiate into short-lived plasma B-cells that secrete antibodies (proteins that inactivate specific antigens) and into long-lived memory B-cells that have the pote ...
... 7. Helper T-cells cause killer T-cells and B-cells, as well as themselves to proliferate in response to other cytokines. 8. B-cells differentiate into short-lived plasma B-cells that secrete antibodies (proteins that inactivate specific antigens) and into long-lived memory B-cells that have the pote ...
What Factors Exacerbate Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
... Multidisciplinary research efforts and teams to investigate disease outbreaks For zoonotic diseases, the combined efforts of biomedical and veterinary scientists are essential, but few mechanisms currently exist to support this type of collaboration and cooperation ...
... Multidisciplinary research efforts and teams to investigate disease outbreaks For zoonotic diseases, the combined efforts of biomedical and veterinary scientists are essential, but few mechanisms currently exist to support this type of collaboration and cooperation ...
Swine flu - infectious diseases content sampler
... are one or more confirmed S-OIV cases, or (iii) resides in a community where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza cases. A probable case of S-OIV infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness who: (i) is positive for influenza A, but unsubtypable for H1 and H3 by i ...
... are one or more confirmed S-OIV cases, or (iii) resides in a community where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza cases. A probable case of S-OIV infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness who: (i) is positive for influenza A, but unsubtypable for H1 and H3 by i ...
Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
... 12th August 2014 more than 1848 suspected cases with 1176 lab confirmed alongwith 1013 deaths (CFR 86%) have been reported.[7,9] The virus may be acquired upon contact with blood or body fluids of an infected animal (monkeys or fruit bats).[1] Spread through the air has not been documented.[10] Frui ...
... 12th August 2014 more than 1848 suspected cases with 1176 lab confirmed alongwith 1013 deaths (CFR 86%) have been reported.[7,9] The virus may be acquired upon contact with blood or body fluids of an infected animal (monkeys or fruit bats).[1] Spread through the air has not been documented.[10] Frui ...
Minnesota Department of Health Guidelines For School Placement
... Some students may be unknowingly infected with HIV or other bloodborne pathogens such as hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) viruses. Alternatively, the student’s parents/guardians may choose (as is their right) not to inform the school of such infection. These pathogens may be present in blood o ...
... Some students may be unknowingly infected with HIV or other bloodborne pathogens such as hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) viruses. Alternatively, the student’s parents/guardians may choose (as is their right) not to inform the school of such infection. These pathogens may be present in blood o ...
Henipavirus
Henipavirus is a genus of RNA viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing three established species: Hendra virus, Nipah virus and Cedar virus. The henipaviruses are naturally harboured by Pteropid fruit bats (flying foxes) and some microbat species. Henipavirus is characterised by a large genome, a wide host range, and their recent emergence as zoonotic pathogens capable of causing illness and death in domestic animals and humans.In 2009, RNA sequences of three novel viruses in phylogenetic relationship to known Henipaviruses were detected in Eidolon helvum (the African straw-colored fruit bat) in Ghana. The finding of these novel putative Henipaviruses outside Australia and Asia indicates that the region of potential endemicity of Henipaviruses extends to Africa.