EPI Case Study 4 - Global Tuberculosis Institute
... radiology report indicated abnormal findings consistent with TB. As a result, both patients were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of suspected pulmonary TB. Once admitted, sputum samples collected from both patients were read as positive on microscopic smear with final culture identificatio ...
... radiology report indicated abnormal findings consistent with TB. As a result, both patients were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of suspected pulmonary TB. Once admitted, sputum samples collected from both patients were read as positive on microscopic smear with final culture identificatio ...
Context-dependent conservation responses to emerging wildlife
... farms (Renwick et al. 2007). Nonetheless, approaches aimed at reducing local spread of diseases that affect wildlife could prove to be effective. ...
... farms (Renwick et al. 2007). Nonetheless, approaches aimed at reducing local spread of diseases that affect wildlife could prove to be effective. ...
Role of vaccination and the evaluation of LSD control programmes
... • What level of vaccine coverage is required to control (and possibly eliminate) infection? • Depends on the force of infection (i.e. rate of transmission) within a population which determines Rn (the effective reproduction number) • This will vary between and within populations • High transmission ...
... • What level of vaccine coverage is required to control (and possibly eliminate) infection? • Depends on the force of infection (i.e. rate of transmission) within a population which determines Rn (the effective reproduction number) • This will vary between and within populations • High transmission ...
Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease?
... Basic reproductive number (R0): the expected number of secondary cases caused by the first infectious individual in a wholly susceptible population. This acts as a threshold criterion because disease invasion can succeed only if R0O1. Critical community size (CCS): the host population size above whi ...
... Basic reproductive number (R0): the expected number of secondary cases caused by the first infectious individual in a wholly susceptible population. This acts as a threshold criterion because disease invasion can succeed only if R0O1. Critical community size (CCS): the host population size above whi ...
DEFINITION OF FEVER
... nutrition, Dehydration) The young child with a history of febrile convulsions Toxic encephalopathy or delirium Pregnant women (contraversy) For the patient comfort Hyperpyrexia ...
... nutrition, Dehydration) The young child with a history of febrile convulsions Toxic encephalopathy or delirium Pregnant women (contraversy) For the patient comfort Hyperpyrexia ...
lab hazards and safety
... 3-Microorganisms may enter through subcutaneous injection by insect bites like plague and Typhus. 4- Few microorganisms may enter into the body through unbroken skin like Brucella. By splashing of infected liquids into the eyes. Classification of microorganisms on the bases of risk Microorganisms va ...
... 3-Microorganisms may enter through subcutaneous injection by insect bites like plague and Typhus. 4- Few microorganisms may enter into the body through unbroken skin like Brucella. By splashing of infected liquids into the eyes. Classification of microorganisms on the bases of risk Microorganisms va ...
Ebola Virus Frequently Asked Questions
... Ebola virus. EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterised by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Outbr ...
... Ebola virus. EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterised by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Outbr ...
Conjunctivitis (“Pink Eye”)
... Conjunctivitis produces a red irritated eye with a watery discharge (allergic and viral) or a discharge of mucus and pus (bacterial). Bacterial conjunctivitis also causes soreness and swelling in one eye, slight pain and feeling dirt or grit in the eye, and a slimy discharge that causes lids to crus ...
... Conjunctivitis produces a red irritated eye with a watery discharge (allergic and viral) or a discharge of mucus and pus (bacterial). Bacterial conjunctivitis also causes soreness and swelling in one eye, slight pain and feeling dirt or grit in the eye, and a slimy discharge that causes lids to crus ...
elephantiasis elephantiasis - Men in White
... and a repeated streptococcal infection. Elephantiasis may also occur secondary to trauma, surgery or radiation. For example, treatment such as the surgical removal of lymph nodes to treat cancer may result in the accumulation of lymph and subsequent swelling (lymphedema). ...
... and a repeated streptococcal infection. Elephantiasis may also occur secondary to trauma, surgery or radiation. For example, treatment such as the surgical removal of lymph nodes to treat cancer may result in the accumulation of lymph and subsequent swelling (lymphedema). ...
Infection Prevention: 2013 Review and Update for Neurodiagnostic
... caused epidemics and pandemics including the West Nile Virus encephalitis outbreaks, H1N1 influenza, and community associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Even with the superior health technology of recent years, tuberculosis (TB) is still the most common infectious disease wo ...
... caused epidemics and pandemics including the West Nile Virus encephalitis outbreaks, H1N1 influenza, and community associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Even with the superior health technology of recent years, tuberculosis (TB) is still the most common infectious disease wo ...
T. solium
... consequences are those of a space-occupying lesion Cysticerci in brain tend to grow a larger size than those in other tissues The process of calcification may be accompanied by the release of antigens -- inflammatory reaction ...
... consequences are those of a space-occupying lesion Cysticerci in brain tend to grow a larger size than those in other tissues The process of calcification may be accompanied by the release of antigens -- inflammatory reaction ...
Outcomes in Keratitis Due to Fungus and Bacteria | Cornea | JAMA
... All culture-positive bacterial and fungal cases enrolled in India were included in the analysis. Three-month best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and infiltrate or scar size between fungus and bacteria were analyzed by linear regression controlling for baseline characteristics (enrollment best spe ...
... All culture-positive bacterial and fungal cases enrolled in India were included in the analysis. Three-month best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and infiltrate or scar size between fungus and bacteria were analyzed by linear regression controlling for baseline characteristics (enrollment best spe ...
Orbital Inflammation, Advances in
... within the orbit may be helpful in making a specific diagnosis. Treatment of orbital lesions may be medical, such as the use of steroids or radiotherapy for inflammatory disease, and does not always require surgery. Inflammatory conditions of the orbit, whether they be focally tumefactive or diffuse ...
... within the orbit may be helpful in making a specific diagnosis. Treatment of orbital lesions may be medical, such as the use of steroids or radiotherapy for inflammatory disease, and does not always require surgery. Inflammatory conditions of the orbit, whether they be focally tumefactive or diffuse ...
Paratyphoid Fever - Regional Public Health
... well. This is usually 48 hours after symptoms stop. People who work in occupations where paratyphoid could easily spread (food handlers, water supply ...
... well. This is usually 48 hours after symptoms stop. People who work in occupations where paratyphoid could easily spread (food handlers, water supply ...
Disease ecology meets ecological immunology
... between- host processes, and the consequences of and superspreading could help build a predictive understanding immune mechanisms mediating co-infection. We also discuss of disease spread through variable populations, and reprethe major challenges inherent in merging these two fields, and sents a key ...
... between- host processes, and the consequences of and superspreading could help build a predictive understanding immune mechanisms mediating co-infection. We also discuss of disease spread through variable populations, and reprethe major challenges inherent in merging these two fields, and sents a key ...
Environment–KHV–carp–human linkage as a model for
... respond to emerging infectious diseases proactively before they become major health problems, it is essential not only to conduct pathological studies but also to clarify the interactions between environments and humans that generate infectious disease. Disease caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 [CyHV ...
... respond to emerging infectious diseases proactively before they become major health problems, it is essential not only to conduct pathological studies but also to clarify the interactions between environments and humans that generate infectious disease. Disease caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 [CyHV ...
74. Status of foot-and-mouth disease in Pakistan
... as a whole with last outbreak in Kenya in 2004. Historically, this is the rarest of the FMD serotypes to have occurred in the world. In the present study, cattle were found to be the most affected species followed by buffaloes with only few reports of FMD in small ruminant. This finding may be due t ...
... as a whole with last outbreak in Kenya in 2004. Historically, this is the rarest of the FMD serotypes to have occurred in the world. In the present study, cattle were found to be the most affected species followed by buffaloes with only few reports of FMD in small ruminant. This finding may be due t ...
Outcomes Important to Lyme Patients
... “I don't live in one of the 14 states that are considered to have Lyme in greater than 20% of the tick population. Therefore, when I went to the ER with an engorged tick on my neck, I was refused treatment, and told to go home and wait for symptoms. I was told that symptoms may come in the form ...
... “I don't live in one of the 14 states that are considered to have Lyme in greater than 20% of the tick population. Therefore, when I went to the ER with an engorged tick on my neck, I was refused treatment, and told to go home and wait for symptoms. I was told that symptoms may come in the form ...
Vaccination strategies and backward bifurcation in an age
... The stable endemic state introduced for R0 < 1 arises in dynamical systems theory when the transcritical bifurcation (exchange of stability) that occurs at R0 = 1 changes directions, and the endemic equilibrium arises from the disease-free equilibrium for R0 < 1 rather than R0 > 1. In this case, it ...
... The stable endemic state introduced for R0 < 1 arises in dynamical systems theory when the transcritical bifurcation (exchange of stability) that occurs at R0 = 1 changes directions, and the endemic equilibrium arises from the disease-free equilibrium for R0 < 1 rather than R0 > 1. In this case, it ...
isolation policy - RDaSH NHS Foundation Trust
... To provide specialist advice and support to Modern Matron, Lead nurses and staff within the ...
... To provide specialist advice and support to Modern Matron, Lead nurses and staff within the ...
Reactivation of latent infection and induction of recurrent herpetic
... o f r e c u r r e n t disease on d a y s 2, 3 a n d 4. T h e y were t h e n killed a n d t h e i r tissues r e m o v e d for the isolation o f virus or for P A P staining to d e t e c t HSV-1 antigens. Infectious virus was first isolated f r o m one o f 14 T G 1 s a m p l e s f r o m m a l e m i c e ...
... o f r e c u r r e n t disease on d a y s 2, 3 a n d 4. T h e y were t h e n killed a n d t h e i r tissues r e m o v e d for the isolation o f virus or for P A P staining to d e t e c t HSV-1 antigens. Infectious virus was first isolated f r o m one o f 14 T G 1 s a m p l e s f r o m m a l e m i c e ...
ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION AND RISK FACTORS FOR
... and range from subclinical to potentially fatal manifestations. Subclinical infections have often been reported, and the usually non-specific nature of leptospirosis makes its diagnosis difficult. These mild infections may also be linked to future manifestations of clinical symptoms and chronic dise ...
... and range from subclinical to potentially fatal manifestations. Subclinical infections have often been reported, and the usually non-specific nature of leptospirosis makes its diagnosis difficult. These mild infections may also be linked to future manifestations of clinical symptoms and chronic dise ...
Complicated skin and soft tissue infection
... Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common, and complicated SSTIs (cSSTIs) are the more extreme end of this clinical spectrum, encompassing a range of clinical presentations such as deep-seated infection, a requirement for surgical intervention, the presence of systemic signs of sepsis, the ...
... Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common, and complicated SSTIs (cSSTIs) are the more extreme end of this clinical spectrum, encompassing a range of clinical presentations such as deep-seated infection, a requirement for surgical intervention, the presence of systemic signs of sepsis, the ...
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness and Robles disease, is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. Symptoms include severe itching, bumps under the skin, and blindness. It is the second most common cause of blindness due to infection, after trachoma.The parasite worm is spread by the bites of a black fly of the Simulium type. Usually many bites are required before infection occurs. These flies live near rivers, hence the name of the disease. Once inside a person, the worms create larvae that make their way out to the skin. Here they can infect the next black fly that bites the person. There are a number of ways to make the diagnosis including: placing a biopsy of the skin in normal saline and watching for the larva to come out, looking in the eye for larvae, and looking within the bumps under the skin for adult worms.A vaccine against the disease does not exist. Prevention is by avoiding being bitten by flies. This may include the use of insect repellent and proper clothing. Other efforts include those to decrease the fly population by spraying insecticides. Efforts to eradicate the disease by treating entire groups of people twice a year is ongoing in a number of areas of the world. Treatment of those infected is with the medication ivermectin every six to twelve months. This treatment kills the larva but not the adult worms. The medication doxycycline, which kills an associated bacterium called Wolbachia, appears to weaken the worms and is recommended by some as well. Removal of the lumps under the skin by surgery may also be done.About 17 to 25 million people are infected with river blindness, with approximately 0.8 million having some amount of loss of vision. Most infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, although cases have also been reported in Yemen and isolated areas of Central and South America. In 1915, the physician Rodolfo Robles first linked the worm to eye disease. It is listed by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease.