Pharmacokinetic introduction
... A model with the various routes of administration. Later we will discuss different routes of administration and see how these effect the kinetics of drug disposition. For example absorption through the lining of the mouth, buccal absorption, often results in rapid absorption without the drug passin ...
... A model with the various routes of administration. Later we will discuss different routes of administration and see how these effect the kinetics of drug disposition. For example absorption through the lining of the mouth, buccal absorption, often results in rapid absorption without the drug passin ...
Vobilon Capsules. Capsule contains dry standardized extract of ginkgo biloba leaves... Vobilon is a herbal drug, contains gingko biloba extract, improving...
... Vobilon is administered orally during or after meal. Capsules should be swallowed ...
... Vobilon is administered orally during or after meal. Capsules should be swallowed ...
מצגת של PowerPoint
... Soft drugs SDs are newly designed, therapeutically active compounds (most often close structural analogs of a known lead compound) specifically designed to allow predictable metabolism into inactive metabolites after exerting the desired therapeutic effect. They produce targeted, localized pharmacol ...
... Soft drugs SDs are newly designed, therapeutically active compounds (most often close structural analogs of a known lead compound) specifically designed to allow predictable metabolism into inactive metabolites after exerting the desired therapeutic effect. They produce targeted, localized pharmacol ...
... screen close to the cut off level and just above it, rather than compounds. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/ close to the cut off and below it. This ensures that a high proporMS) in the laboratory quantifies drugs and metabolites individu- tion of the people tested and found positive wi ...
Worms and resistance - The Donkey Sanctuary
... known as cyathostomes. The repeated doses of wormers over the last 30 years or so have not wiped out the small strongyles, but we have instead caused them to up their game! Enter drug resistance… RESISTANCE MISUSE OF CHEMICAL WORMERS A combination of repeated doses, under-dosing and unnecessary dosi ...
... known as cyathostomes. The repeated doses of wormers over the last 30 years or so have not wiped out the small strongyles, but we have instead caused them to up their game! Enter drug resistance… RESISTANCE MISUSE OF CHEMICAL WORMERS A combination of repeated doses, under-dosing and unnecessary dosi ...
How to Dispose of Unused Medicines I
... no evidence of adverse human health effects from pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Nonetheless, FDA does not want to add drug residues into water systems unnecessarily, says Hunter. The ...
... no evidence of adverse human health effects from pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Nonetheless, FDA does not want to add drug residues into water systems unnecessarily, says Hunter. The ...
Pharmacokinetics of the Antimycobacterial Agents
... Director(s), Planning Committee Members, Faculty, and all others who are in a position to control the content of this educational activity are required to disclose all relevant financial relationships with any commercial interest related to the subject matter of the educational activity. Safeguards ...
... Director(s), Planning Committee Members, Faculty, and all others who are in a position to control the content of this educational activity are required to disclose all relevant financial relationships with any commercial interest related to the subject matter of the educational activity. Safeguards ...
what are opioids?
... Opioids are a class of drug which include morphine, pethidine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, opium, and heroin. In medical settings opioids are used for pain relief and can bring on feelings of well being. They act as a depressant on the central nervous system which means they slow d ...
... Opioids are a class of drug which include morphine, pethidine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, opium, and heroin. In medical settings opioids are used for pain relief and can bring on feelings of well being. They act as a depressant on the central nervous system which means they slow d ...
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
... It is biologically impossible to generate all of the activated T cells required to kill off the whole body’s epidermis in less than 4+ days. The exception – if a patient has had previous exposure to a drug, with a “generic” drug rash, there will be a population of already sensitized T cells waiting ...
... It is biologically impossible to generate all of the activated T cells required to kill off the whole body’s epidermis in less than 4+ days. The exception – if a patient has had previous exposure to a drug, with a “generic” drug rash, there will be a population of already sensitized T cells waiting ...
TOXICOLOGY – TEST 1 STUDY GUIDE
... or carriers are required. - Active transport works by moving substances against gradients. This does require energy and often requires carriers. Factors affecting absorption - Absorption is the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration to the entire body. Many factors affect this ...
... or carriers are required. - Active transport works by moving substances against gradients. This does require energy and often requires carriers. Factors affecting absorption - Absorption is the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration to the entire body. Many factors affect this ...
Sample Chapter
... Kidney disease or drugs that reduce renal clearance, such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may increase serum concentration of drugs that are excreted by the kidneys (such as lithium). Older adults are more sensitive to psychotropics because of their decreased intracellular water, pr ...
... Kidney disease or drugs that reduce renal clearance, such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may increase serum concentration of drugs that are excreted by the kidneys (such as lithium). Older adults are more sensitive to psychotropics because of their decreased intracellular water, pr ...
antibilharzial agents
... Uses: Used for treatment of S. Mansoni. Mechanism of action: It inhibit DNA, RNA and protein synthesis Oxamniquine is biotransformed into inactive 6-carboxymethyl and so 6hydroxymethyl group is important for activity. ...
... Uses: Used for treatment of S. Mansoni. Mechanism of action: It inhibit DNA, RNA and protein synthesis Oxamniquine is biotransformed into inactive 6-carboxymethyl and so 6hydroxymethyl group is important for activity. ...
Drug Elimination
... smooth endoplasmic reticulum. To reach these metabolising enzymes in life, a drug must cross the plasma membrane. ...
... smooth endoplasmic reticulum. To reach these metabolising enzymes in life, a drug must cross the plasma membrane. ...
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
... • Natural compounds: materials obtained from both plant and animal, e.g. vitamins, hormones, amino acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, glycosides…. etc.). • Synthesis compounds: either pure synthesis or synthesis naturally occurring compounds (e.g. morphine, atropine, steroids and cocaine) to reduce thei ...
... • Natural compounds: materials obtained from both plant and animal, e.g. vitamins, hormones, amino acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, glycosides…. etc.). • Synthesis compounds: either pure synthesis or synthesis naturally occurring compounds (e.g. morphine, atropine, steroids and cocaine) to reduce thei ...
Identification of Drug Metabolites via Mass Spectrometry Besnik
... The uptake of almost all organic compounds is followed by metabolism (biotransformation) reactions Among all compounds, drugs and pesticides are the most important as the biotransformation does not always lead to inactivation (detoxification) of the agent but in some instances, may lead to more ...
... The uptake of almost all organic compounds is followed by metabolism (biotransformation) reactions Among all compounds, drugs and pesticides are the most important as the biotransformation does not always lead to inactivation (detoxification) of the agent but in some instances, may lead to more ...
View PDF - e-Science Central
... layer). The improved motility of the chemical compound chain favours the transport of dissolved drug. Chemical compound relaxation phenomena verify the swelling or volume increase of the matrix. Reckoning on the chemical compound characteristics, the chemical compound quantity within the rubbery sec ...
... layer). The improved motility of the chemical compound chain favours the transport of dissolved drug. Chemical compound relaxation phenomena verify the swelling or volume increase of the matrix. Reckoning on the chemical compound characteristics, the chemical compound quantity within the rubbery sec ...
Variation in Drug Responsiveness
... c. Genetic factors also can play an important role in altering the number or function of specific receptors e.g a specific genetic variant of 2C-adrenoceptor when inherited with 1-adrenoceptor greatly increased risk of CHF which can be reduced by early intervention using antagonist drugs Pharma ...
... c. Genetic factors also can play an important role in altering the number or function of specific receptors e.g a specific genetic variant of 2C-adrenoceptor when inherited with 1-adrenoceptor greatly increased risk of CHF which can be reduced by early intervention using antagonist drugs Pharma ...
Autoimmune Disease and Drug-Drug Interactions
... in patients with a prior history of these diseases. Patients should disclose any prior history of exposure or treatment of these illnesses and be tested for active disease prior to initiating these specific drug therapies. Dealing with Multiple Physicians Trying to prevent adverse drug events can be ...
... in patients with a prior history of these diseases. Patients should disclose any prior history of exposure or treatment of these illnesses and be tested for active disease prior to initiating these specific drug therapies. Dealing with Multiple Physicians Trying to prevent adverse drug events can be ...
What is Pharmacology?
... • The ultimate goal is to have the drug reach the site of action in a concentration which produces a pharmacological effect. • No matter how the drug is given (other than IV) it must pass through a number of biological membranes before it reaches the site of action. ...
... • The ultimate goal is to have the drug reach the site of action in a concentration which produces a pharmacological effect. • No matter how the drug is given (other than IV) it must pass through a number of biological membranes before it reaches the site of action. ...
Uppers Downers & All Arounders
... – Long Term or heavy use may take a person with low susceptibility 10 years of heavy drinking to become an alcoholic – A person with high susceptibility can take just 1 year to become an alcoholic ...
... – Long Term or heavy use may take a person with low susceptibility 10 years of heavy drinking to become an alcoholic – A person with high susceptibility can take just 1 year to become an alcoholic ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.