GPAT 2010 Question Paper
... (A) increase their biological activity (B) increase their disposition in lipophilic compartments of the body (C) increase their aqueous solubility (D) all of the above Ans. Q.89 The following protein / polypeptide has a quaternary structure : (A) cc-Chymotrypsin (B) Hemoglobin (C) Insulin (D) Myoglo ...
... (A) increase their biological activity (B) increase their disposition in lipophilic compartments of the body (C) increase their aqueous solubility (D) all of the above Ans. Q.89 The following protein / polypeptide has a quaternary structure : (A) cc-Chymotrypsin (B) Hemoglobin (C) Insulin (D) Myoglo ...
Amphotericin B as a mycolic acid specific targeting agent in tuberculosis
... this study, a model was created to target isoniazid (toxophore) specifically to a cholesterol rich environment where mycobacteria reside in macrophages, by making use of a sterol binding drug, Amphotericin B (haptophore). Isoniazid was covalently linked to Amphotericin B via a Schiff base to a linke ...
... this study, a model was created to target isoniazid (toxophore) specifically to a cholesterol rich environment where mycobacteria reside in macrophages, by making use of a sterol binding drug, Amphotericin B (haptophore). Isoniazid was covalently linked to Amphotericin B via a Schiff base to a linke ...
Chemical Stability of Clopidogrel in Various Aqueous Media
... • But, prodrugs aren’t active yet until they are converted (metabolized) • Clopidogrel + CYP2C19 = active Clopidogrel • Consequently, the less CYP2C19 activity (slower metabolization), the less effect Clopidogrel has and the more may need to be taken to avoid clotting events ...
... • But, prodrugs aren’t active yet until they are converted (metabolized) • Clopidogrel + CYP2C19 = active Clopidogrel • Consequently, the less CYP2C19 activity (slower metabolization), the less effect Clopidogrel has and the more may need to be taken to avoid clotting events ...
EVS - RSC - Developments in Microwave Chemistry
... as industrial drying and heating, etc., have been excluded from the scope of this study. In effect, only applications that use microwave as a source of heating for chemical analysis and chemical synthesis have been studied. The study encompasses a description of the main application areas of microwa ...
... as industrial drying and heating, etc., have been excluded from the scope of this study. In effect, only applications that use microwave as a source of heating for chemical analysis and chemical synthesis have been studied. The study encompasses a description of the main application areas of microwa ...
2011
... characterized by which one of the followings? (A) Capillary state (B) Pendular state (C) Funicular state (D) Droplet state Answer: Q.43 The degree of flocculation of a suspension is 1.5 and the sedimentation volume is 0.75. What will be the ultimate volume of deflocculated suspension? (A) 2.0 (B) 1. ...
... characterized by which one of the followings? (A) Capillary state (B) Pendular state (C) Funicular state (D) Droplet state Answer: Q.43 The degree of flocculation of a suspension is 1.5 and the sedimentation volume is 0.75. What will be the ultimate volume of deflocculated suspension? (A) 2.0 (B) 1. ...
Guideline for the Quality, Safety, and Efficacy Assurance of Follow
... alone. In addition, even if glycoprotein products are produced using the same host cell, the heterogeneity of glycosylation in each product is known to be significantly different due to various factors such as the insertion site of the gene expression construct or the culture conditions. In the case ...
... alone. In addition, even if glycoprotein products are produced using the same host cell, the heterogeneity of glycosylation in each product is known to be significantly different due to various factors such as the insertion site of the gene expression construct or the culture conditions. In the case ...
Teratogenicity as a Consequence of Drug-Induced
... Sköld, A.-C. 2000. Teratogenicity as a consequence of drug-induced embryonic cardiac arrhythmia. Common mechanism for almokalant, sotalol, cisapride, and phenytoin via inhibition of IKr. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy 235 ...
... Sköld, A.-C. 2000. Teratogenicity as a consequence of drug-induced embryonic cardiac arrhythmia. Common mechanism for almokalant, sotalol, cisapride, and phenytoin via inhibition of IKr. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy 235 ...
University of Groningen Human and rat organ slices de
... scaling to in vivo (based on total organ weight) make the tissues slice technique a valuable in vitro tool for relatively short time incubations. The last interesting aspect of tissue slices that we would like to address at this point is the possibility of combining information on toxicity with meta ...
... scaling to in vivo (based on total organ weight) make the tissues slice technique a valuable in vitro tool for relatively short time incubations. The last interesting aspect of tissue slices that we would like to address at this point is the possibility of combining information on toxicity with meta ...
The Antibiotic Revolution - DigitalCommons@Providence
... papers in 1931, he declared “it is suggested that it may be an effective antiseptic for application to, or injection into, areas infected with penicillin-sensitive microbes” (Fleming Penicillin 386). As more Penicillin was prepared, it was found to be a successful antibiotic drug that did indeed inh ...
... papers in 1931, he declared “it is suggested that it may be an effective antiseptic for application to, or injection into, areas infected with penicillin-sensitive microbes” (Fleming Penicillin 386). As more Penicillin was prepared, it was found to be a successful antibiotic drug that did indeed inh ...
Curcumin Analogs as Anticancer Agents
... produce reactive peroxyl radicals during their oxidation, which may act as X● and couple with the antioxidant radical A● in the second step of the antioxidation process ...
... produce reactive peroxyl radicals during their oxidation, which may act as X● and couple with the antioxidant radical A● in the second step of the antioxidation process ...
IBOGAINE IN THE TREATMENT OF HEROIN WITHDRAWAL ——Chapter 8——
... the treatment of drug dependence has been based on anecdotal reports from groups of self-treating addicts that the drug blocked opiate withdrawal and reduced craving for opiates and other illicit drugs for extended time periods (24). Preclinical studies have supported these claims and provided proof ...
... the treatment of drug dependence has been based on anecdotal reports from groups of self-treating addicts that the drug blocked opiate withdrawal and reduced craving for opiates and other illicit drugs for extended time periods (24). Preclinical studies have supported these claims and provided proof ...
THE CONTRIBUTION OF FETAL METABOLISM TO THE
... pharmacodynamic models that are appropriate for human pregnancy. Glucuronidation is a major drug detoxification and elimination pathway in humans (Owens and Ritter, 1995; Meech and Mackenzie, 1997). To date, 15 isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes have been identified in humans, wit ...
... pharmacodynamic models that are appropriate for human pregnancy. Glucuronidation is a major drug detoxification and elimination pathway in humans (Owens and Ritter, 1995; Meech and Mackenzie, 1997). To date, 15 isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes have been identified in humans, wit ...
PC_Chemistry_Macomb_April08
... The integrity of the scientific process depends on scientists and citizens understanding and respecting the “Nature of Science.” Openness to new ideas, skepticism, and honesty are attributes required for good scientific practice. Scientists must use logical reasoning during investigation design, ana ...
... The integrity of the scientific process depends on scientists and citizens understanding and respecting the “Nature of Science.” Openness to new ideas, skepticism, and honesty are attributes required for good scientific practice. Scientists must use logical reasoning during investigation design, ana ...
November 2015 – Positive Recommendations (Word 80KB)
... The PBAC recommended Section 100 Highly Specialised Drugs Program (HSD) listing of elvitegravir with cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (EVG/c/FTC/tenofovir alafenamide) fixed dose combination for the treatment of HIV. The PBAC recommended the special arrangements under the HSD Comm ...
... The PBAC recommended Section 100 Highly Specialised Drugs Program (HSD) listing of elvitegravir with cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (EVG/c/FTC/tenofovir alafenamide) fixed dose combination for the treatment of HIV. The PBAC recommended the special arrangements under the HSD Comm ...
Methadone-Associated Mortality
... SML, and extend the duration of drug effects (Eap, et al., 1999). When interactions with other substances occur, changes in SMLs can result in under- or over- medication. Genetic and environmental factors also act on the enzymes, leading to considerable individual variation in methadone potency (Nak ...
... SML, and extend the duration of drug effects (Eap, et al., 1999). When interactions with other substances occur, changes in SMLs can result in under- or over- medication. Genetic and environmental factors also act on the enzymes, leading to considerable individual variation in methadone potency (Nak ...
RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND
... Norepinephrine also binds to the α1-adrenergic receptors on blood vessels, causing them to constrict and raise blood pressure. Carvedilol blocks this binding to the α1-adrenergic receptors too,[3] which also lowers blood pressure. Relative to other beta blockers, carvedilol has minimal inverse agoni ...
... Norepinephrine also binds to the α1-adrenergic receptors on blood vessels, causing them to constrict and raise blood pressure. Carvedilol blocks this binding to the α1-adrenergic receptors too,[3] which also lowers blood pressure. Relative to other beta blockers, carvedilol has minimal inverse agoni ...
REMS INTEGRATION INITIATIVE
... healthcare professionals or the healthcare system. The following provisions help ensure REMS are as efficient as possible: • ETASU requirements must be commensurate with the specific serious risk listed in the drug’s labeling. • ETASU requirements cannot be unduly burdensome on patient access to the ...
... healthcare professionals or the healthcare system. The following provisions help ensure REMS are as efficient as possible: • ETASU requirements must be commensurate with the specific serious risk listed in the drug’s labeling. • ETASU requirements cannot be unduly burdensome on patient access to the ...
Rare Diseases and Orphan Products: Accelerating Research and Development PREPUBLICATION COPY
... Rare diseases are not rare, at least in aggregate. Approximately 7,000 rare diseases afflict millions of individuals in the United States and are responsible for untold losses in terms of physical health, behavioral health, and socioeconomic condition. Physicians, nurses, and others who care for thi ...
... Rare diseases are not rare, at least in aggregate. Approximately 7,000 rare diseases afflict millions of individuals in the United States and are responsible for untold losses in terms of physical health, behavioral health, and socioeconomic condition. Physicians, nurses, and others who care for thi ...
MAXIDOL® Liquid Gels
... and/or solely for prescription doses (higher dose and or longer duration) are dizziness, headache, light-headedness, dyspepsia, nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. Uncommonly drowsiness, insomnia, and skin rashes are encountered. Peripheral edemas are rare events. Other ADRs are very rare and/or ...
... and/or solely for prescription doses (higher dose and or longer duration) are dizziness, headache, light-headedness, dyspepsia, nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. Uncommonly drowsiness, insomnia, and skin rashes are encountered. Peripheral edemas are rare events. Other ADRs are very rare and/or ...
About the Guide - American Chemical Society
... Seventy-two of these compounds are made by bacteria, while 1,453 come from the body itself. Another 2,282 come from diet, drugs, cosmetics or environmental exposure (some compounds belong to more than one group). … The complete list of all metabolites that can be detected in human urine using curren ...
... Seventy-two of these compounds are made by bacteria, while 1,453 come from the body itself. Another 2,282 come from diet, drugs, cosmetics or environmental exposure (some compounds belong to more than one group). … The complete list of all metabolites that can be detected in human urine using curren ...
... and CFC–BDP products studied in this trial were chosen based on similar ex-valve drug delivery (HFA–BDP, 50 µg versus CFC–BDP, 50 µg) and on similar anticipated efficacy (HFA–BDP, 100 µg versus CFC–BDP, 250 µg). A critical aspect of this pilot study was to ensure standardization of the delivered dos ...
Thiosulfoxide (Sulfane) Sulfur: New Chemistry and New Regulatory
... solution of NaHS. The solutions were generally used in an aerobic environment and, therefore, contained numerous sulfur species, including H2S, HS−, S2−, S0, and HSnS− (with n varying from 1 to 8) as well as side-products from the autoxidation of H2S namely H2S(O), HS• (thiyl radical), H2O2, O2•, an ...
... solution of NaHS. The solutions were generally used in an aerobic environment and, therefore, contained numerous sulfur species, including H2S, HS−, S2−, S0, and HSnS− (with n varying from 1 to 8) as well as side-products from the autoxidation of H2S namely H2S(O), HS• (thiyl radical), H2O2, O2•, an ...
Structural Basis for Interaction of Inhibitors with Cyclin
... tyrosine residues is of major importance in all aspects of cell life and protein kinases are pharmacological targets [11]. Deregulation of cyclins and/or alteration or absence of CKIs have been associated with many cancers and there is strong interest in chemical CDKs inhibitors that could play an i ...
... tyrosine residues is of major importance in all aspects of cell life and protein kinases are pharmacological targets [11]. Deregulation of cyclins and/or alteration or absence of CKIs have been associated with many cancers and there is strong interest in chemical CDKs inhibitors that could play an i ...
insight into production, drug loading, targeting, and
... medication, since without DDS, drug molecules can easily diffuse throughout body and ...
... medication, since without DDS, drug molecules can easily diffuse throughout body and ...
ISMP Guidelines for Safe Preparation of Compounded Sterile
... ingredients, such as patient controlled analgesia infusions, single electrolyte infusions, bolus doses, or maintenance IV infusions with no more than two ingredients), 2) complex CSPs (those with greater than two ingredients, such as PN, cardioplegia solutions, or dialysis solutions), 3) pediatric a ...
... ingredients, such as patient controlled analgesia infusions, single electrolyte infusions, bolus doses, or maintenance IV infusions with no more than two ingredients), 2) complex CSPs (those with greater than two ingredients, such as PN, cardioplegia solutions, or dialysis solutions), 3) pediatric a ...
Drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. Since sequencing of the human genome which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of drug development prior to clinical trials. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve computer-aided drug design. Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, ""expensive, difficult, and inefficient process"" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) was approximately US$1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, with research assistance from universities. The ""final product"" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials.Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial success or public health effect can be expected, the orphan drug funding process ensures that people who experience those disorders can have some hope of pharmacotherapeutic advances.