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The Structure of Matter
The Structure of Matter

... – Predicted existence of new elements ...
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Lectures 3-5

... •The model implies that a hydrogen atom consists of an electron circling a proton. As such, the electron would be undergoing constant acceleration due to its constant change in direction. According to classical physics, acceleration of a charged particle results in the continuous release of energy a ...
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formula mass.
formula mass.

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Chemical equations must be balanced.
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... This equation is not balanced. There is one C on each side of the equation, so C is balanced. However, on the left side, H has a subscript of 4, which means there are four hydrogen atoms. On the right side, H has a subscript of 2, which means there are two hydrogen atoms. Also, there are two oxygen ...
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... particles by the foil was measured. The experiment showed that most of the alpha particles traveled through the foil with very little deflection. However, some of the alpha particles were deflected by large angles, and some were even deflected backwards. If the atoms were like a plum pudding, then t ...
Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms

... For a given metal, no electrons were emitted if the lights frequency was below a certain minimum. The brightness of a light won’t necessarily cause electrons to flow. Ex. Red light will not cause electrons to flow in a sheet of sodium metal, no matter how long or bright the source is. Violet light w ...
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Probing the Orbital Energy of an Electron in an Atom

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale). However, atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which give different but close values.Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior.Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1). Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.
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