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The impact of financial liberalisation on income inequality
The impact of financial liberalisation on income inequality

... developing countries. There have, however, been many such studies and while some of these do appear to lend support to the arguments in favour of financial liberalisation, there are many which do not. An influential survey co-authored by Rudiger Dornbusch (1989) concluded that the strong claims for ...
Legal Origin, Creditors` Rights and Bank Lending
Legal Origin, Creditors` Rights and Bank Lending

...  In aggregate, this should lead to higher levels of private sector credit, which the “finance and growth” literature has shown to be positively related to economic growth. © 2013 Cole-Turk Ariss: Legal Origin, Creditor Protection, and Bank Lending Around the World ...
Shadow banks and macroeconomic instability CAMA Working Paper
Shadow banks and macroeconomic instability CAMA Working Paper

... in the workings of key asset markets, and in regulation, which we largely ignore. For example, we do not model complex financial instruments based on securitized assets, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which the market badly mispriced (see Coval, Jurek and Stafford, 2009). Also, an i ...
sustainability Monetary and Fiscal Policies for a Finite Planet
sustainability Monetary and Fiscal Policies for a Finite Planet

... how much money banks can create. An alternative view, known as endogenous money theory, argues that banks will actually make any loan they believe is likely to prove profitable. At the end of the day, banks that have loaned too much can borrow from those who have excess reserves or from the central ...
PAGE ONE Economics - Economic Research
PAGE ONE Economics - Economic Research

The Federal Reserve`s Primary Dealer Credit Facility
The Federal Reserve`s Primary Dealer Credit Facility

... the Eurodollar market—to obtain funding for their inventories of securities. If a dealer cannot borrow in these alternative markets and does not have capital available to help fund its inventories, it may be forced to sell its securities holdings; if such sales cannot be made because markets are ill ...
Macroeconomics Module 8
Macroeconomics Module 8

... Monetarists believe that Federal Reserve policy should be directed at increasing/decreasing the supply of money, not at changing interest rates. Expanding upon the basic theories of monetarists, some believe that Q is stable too. Under this theory, a natural rate of unemployment exists within the ec ...
MONETARY POLICY AND THE ECONOMY First
MONETARY POLICY AND THE ECONOMY First

... CENTRAL BANKING A central bank is a government organization that is primarily responsible for the monetary affairs of a country. In this section, we focus on the U.S. Federal Reserve System. We describe its history, objectives, and functions. ...
Financial Flexibility and the Cost of External Finance for U.S. Bank
Financial Flexibility and the Cost of External Finance for U.S. Bank

... Our main tests focus on the link between our proxy for access costs (financial flexibility) and firm value. Unfortunately, this test does not allow us to determine whether flexibility is valuable because of flexible banks’ ability to arbitrage differential prices of claims in two markets, or because ...
MONETARY POLICY AND THE ECONOMY First
MONETARY POLICY AND THE ECONOMY First

... CENTRAL BANKING A central bank is a government organization that is primarily responsible for the monetary affairs of a country. In this section, we focus on the U.S. Federal Reserve System. We describe its history, objectives, and functions. ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... the dollar declines, so the longer you hold money, the less that money is worth – Even though people tend to cut down on their money balances during periods of inflation, as the price level rises people will hold larger money balances Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights res ...
The central-bank balance sheet as an instrument of monetary policy
The central-bank balance sheet as an instrument of monetary policy

... When a new type is drawn, it is b with probability π b > 0 and s with probability π s < 1, where π b + π s = 1. ucb (c; ξ ) > ucs (c; ξ ) for all levels of expenditure c in the range that occur in equilibrium. A change in a household’s type changes its relative impatience to consume. Current impatie ...
Readings from the Federal Reserve
Readings from the Federal Reserve

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Monetary Policy Implementation during the Crisis in 2007 to
Monetary Policy Implementation during the Crisis in 2007 to

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Monetary policy operating procedures in Saudi Arabia
Monetary policy operating procedures in Saudi Arabia

... In an administered exchange rate regime with full convertibility and no restriction on capital flows, monetary policy becomes subordinated to maintaining the desired exchange rate. Moreover, the openness of the economy fosters the quick transmission of monetary influences from abroad. It is thus dif ...
ISLM: Part II: The Monetary Sector
ISLM: Part II: The Monetary Sector

... that rates are likely to fall and a low current rate implies that they are likely to rise, then we get a downward-sloping demand for speculative money holdings. Keynes believed that the demand for money holdings, i.e., for liquidity, is fairly interest-rate elastic—especially at low rates of interes ...
Reserve Bank Monetary Policy Statement 1st October 2007
Reserve Bank Monetary Policy Statement 1st October 2007

Money Economics offers various definitions for money, though it is
Money Economics offers various definitions for money, though it is

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Financial Crises and Systemic Bank Runs in a Dynamic
Financial Crises and Systemic Bank Runs in a Dynamic

... During these crises, several financial institutions became insolvent and were subject to runs. More than one-fifth of the commercial banks in the United States suspended operations during the Great Depression, as reported by Friedman and Schwartz (1963). The collapse of Lehman Brothers in September ...
Relationship and Transaction Lending in a Crisis
Relationship and Transaction Lending in a Crisis

... modi…cation of the Bolton and Freixas (2006) model is to introduce aggregate business-cycle risk, to allow …rms to di¤er in their exposure to this risk, and to consider how the response of R banks to a crisis di¤ers from that of T banks. The main predictions emerging from the theoretical analysis a ...
EC 102
EC 102

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Chapter 1 The Financial System – Money and Prices
Chapter 1 The Financial System – Money and Prices

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IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)

... out indiscriminately without proper credit appraisal (Philip, 1994). The resultant effects were that many of these loans turn out to be bad. It is therefore not surprising to find banks to have non-performing loans that exceed 50 per cent of the bank‟s loan portfolio. The increased number of banks o ...
Modelling Financial Instability: A Survey of the
Modelling Financial Instability: A Survey of the

... The magnitude and frequency of crises over the last few decades have underscored the importance of crisis prevention and crisis management. Understanding what underlies financial instability and what happens during a crisis (positive analysis) can lead to better policies towards preventing and resol ...
Temi di Discussione
Temi di Discussione

... the key features of an economy in which traditional and shadow banks interact. We claim the following contributions. We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model featuring securitization and shadow banking, which aside from its treatment of the financial sector, closely resembles a standard macroe ...
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Fractional-reserve banking

Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, and holds reserves that are a fraction of the amount of its deposit liabilities. Reserves are held at the bank as currency, or as deposits in the bank's accounts at the central bank. Fractional-reserve banking is the current form of banking practiced in most countries worldwide.Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to act as financial intermediaries between borrowers and savers, and to provide longer-term loans to borrowers while providing immediate liquidity to depositors (providing the function of maturity transformation). However, a bank can experience a bank run if depositors wish to withdraw more funds than the reserves held by the bank. To mitigate the risks of bank runs and systemic crises (when problems are extreme and widespread), governments of most countries regulate and oversee commercial banks, provide deposit insurance and act as lender of last resort to commercial banks.Because bank deposits are usually considered money in their own right, and because banks hold reserves that are less than their deposit liabilities, fractional-reserve banking permits the money supply to grow beyond the amount of the underlying reserves of base money originally created by the central bank. In most countries, the central bank (or other monetary authority) regulates bank credit creation, imposing reserve requirements and capital adequacy ratios. This can limit the amount of money creation that occurs in the commercial banking system, and helps to ensure that banks are solvent and have enough funds to meet demand for withdrawals. However, rather than directly controlling the money supply, central banks usually pursue an interest rate target to control inflation and bank issuance of credit.
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