• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
bank balance sheet optimization
bank balance sheet optimization

... assets like credit card receivables) into structured asset-backed securities (ABS) and sold them to various other financial investors, thereby off-loading the risk (securitization). However, most of the credit risk never left the banking system, since banks, including sophisticated investment banks, ...
Karl Brunner, Scholar: An Appreciation Allan H. Meltzer Economics
Karl Brunner, Scholar: An Appreciation Allan H. Meltzer Economics

... the economy as a whole.” We then gave some examples of how the two principles were used. One of the applications we noted was “the concern with essentially random and often selfreversing changes in reserve positions.” Fifty years later, that problem is still very apparent. During 2009-12, the Federa ...
Who put the holes in the Swiss cheese? Currency crisis under
Who put the holes in the Swiss cheese? Currency crisis under

... It seems to be that a negative interest rate comes along with some cost for an economy: To some extend central banks have no experience with respect to the potential consequences of a negative interest rate policy. For example, ...
May - sibstc
May - sibstc

of Monetary Policy Tactics and Targets
of Monetary Policy Tactics and Targets

... in terms of a target GNP growth and forecasts of future GNP growth at different levels of current interest rates. ...
Have big banks gotten safer?
Have big banks gotten safer?

... measures of regulatory capital are flawed as measures of economic capital. Thus, properly measured capital may have increased less than regulatory capital measures and this may account for part of what we find. Our primary explanation is that the franchise value of banks has substantially declined i ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: The International Transmission of Inflation
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: The International Transmission of Inflation

... are now growing more slowly than desired. The rate of hoarding, the inflow of foreign reserves, will increase as a result. Therefore, after the fact, so will the rate of growth of the domestic money supply. The problem is, however, that this sequence of events does not follow directly from the model ...
Monetary Policy Statement
Monetary Policy Statement

... are charged the CBR plus a penalty in order to encourage them to trade with one another. Moreover, banks making use of this facility more than twice in a week are scrutinised to establish whether prompt corrective action is required to address any weakness that is not merely temporary. ...
Investment Banks, Scope, and Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest
Investment Banks, Scope, and Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest

... obvious structures that violate conflict of interest rules may readily be monitored prohibited, more subtle ways to circumvent the prohibitions, especially restrictions based on information flow, may arise. This later class of conflict of interest concerns may be hard to police as they do not direct ...
The international actor of Turkish capital markets 2006 ANNUAL
The international actor of Turkish capital markets 2006 ANNUAL

... the main mission of Takasbank is to contribute to the development of capital markets by enhancing the free movement of capital, a more broad-based approach to its ultimate task would require it to facilitate the process such that Turkey would benefit from the international flow of capital on the bes ...
Re-imagining Money to Broaden the Future of Development Finance
Re-imagining Money to Broaden the Future of Development Finance

... to be able to engage better with currency innovations for sustainable development. The paper focuses on the case of Bangla-Pesa, an alternative currency used in poor urban areas in Kenya, to demonstrate how currency innovation can work for poor people. The Kenyan non-governmental organization, Grass ...
An Introduction to Monetary Policy Rules
An Introduction to Monetary Policy Rules

... dealing in more exotic assets—such as mortgage-backed securities—in the aftermath of the financial crisis. When central banks wish to increase the money supply, they will add money to the economy by buying assets; when they wish to decrease the money supply, they will siphon off money by selling ass ...
The Price Theory of Money, Prospero`s Liquidity Trap, and Sudden
The Price Theory of Money, Prospero`s Liquidity Trap, and Sudden

... "safe" in terms of output.5  Floating exchange rates is a case in point.  Financial crises in  Emerging Market economies (EMs) in the 1990s led the IMF and the Washington establishment  to conclude that floating exchange rates should be the choice system for EMs.  The basis for  this conclusion is h ...
BANK OF YOKOHAMA Annual Report 2002
BANK OF YOKOHAMA Annual Report 2002

... In April 2001, the Bank launched Innovation 21 Stage 3, a two-year phase of Innovation 21 medium-term management plan. Stage 3 calls for the Bank to further implement the regional retail strategies pursued over four years in the first two stages and to involve activities closely tied to the region w ...
N 82
N 82

... the period 1919-1924. Over the same period the nominal exchange rate depreciated at an average annual rate of 82.7% against sterling.17 There is evidence to suggest that nominal stabilisation began in 1924. It is however difficult to reconcile the collapse of Machado’s presidency in May 1926, which ...
Financial Crises and the Composition of Cross-Border Lending
Financial Crises and the Composition of Cross-Border Lending

... criteria as the BIS IBS. We also make several adjustments to obtain estimates of cross-border SLEs that are comparable to the BIS loan claims.5 Our study expands on two branches of the international banking literature. First, we add to studies on the globalization of banking (see Goldberg, 2009 for ...
1.1. Necessity of the research problem
1.1. Necessity of the research problem

Banking in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and
Banking in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and

... Sub-Saharan Africa is a continent with significant problems on the one hand and great potential on the other. Its past has been difficult and formidable challenges to further development remain. Poverty is pervasive, human development is low, and growth has not been inclusive. The region faces an en ...
monetary policy in an open economy: its objectives instruments
monetary policy in an open economy: its objectives instruments

... MONETARY POLICY 1. Ultimate aim of monetary policy Monetary policy is the art of managing money. Money must be managed because its very use introduces a potential threat to the stability of the economic system. For the use of money enables economic subjects to create a time lag between their acts of ...
Monetary Policy and Foreign Exchange Management: Reforming
Monetary Policy and Foreign Exchange Management: Reforming

... expansion in agriculture, extractive industries, and services; the latter benefiting considerably from the resurgence of foreign interest in business and tourism, as well as the influx of foreign capital. But with the economy’s limited absorptive capacity, this increased demand and spending immediat ...
Module 32 Money, Output, and Prices in the Long Run
Module 32 Money, Output, and Prices in the Long Run

... To analyze the long-run effects of monetary policy, it’s helpful to think of the central bank as choosing a target for the money supply rather than for the interest rate. In assessing the effects of an increase in the money supply, we return to the analysis of the long-run effects of an increase in ...
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

... sensitive to changes in market interest rates they have more interest-rate risk. The term premium compensates bondholders for the increased risk. The expectations hypothesis and the term premium explain the upward slope of the yield curve. ...
CH 10 - REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The short
CH 10 - REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The short

... that pushes wages and prices up will result in ______ prices and ______ output in the short run. A) higher; lower B) lower; higher C) higher; higher D) lower; lower 49. Most economists believe that the classical dichotomy: A) holds approximately in both the short run and the long run. B) holds appro ...
Chap 15
Chap 15

... • A temporary increase in a country’s money supply causes its currency to depreciate in the foreign exchange market in short run; in long run, temporary increase in money supply has no impact on both exchange rate and interest rate. • A temporary decrease in a country’s money supply causes its curre ...
Fiat Money Begins
Fiat Money Begins

... Now it can be seen that velocity is fundamentally related to the inverse of nominal tax rate plus the rate at which new money is added to the economy (when Government Expenditures is used as the money supply term). This neatly explains why velocity is so low under current United States Federal Rese ...
< 1 ... 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ... 243 >

Fractional-reserve banking

Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, and holds reserves that are a fraction of the amount of its deposit liabilities. Reserves are held at the bank as currency, or as deposits in the bank's accounts at the central bank. Fractional-reserve banking is the current form of banking practiced in most countries worldwide.Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to act as financial intermediaries between borrowers and savers, and to provide longer-term loans to borrowers while providing immediate liquidity to depositors (providing the function of maturity transformation). However, a bank can experience a bank run if depositors wish to withdraw more funds than the reserves held by the bank. To mitigate the risks of bank runs and systemic crises (when problems are extreme and widespread), governments of most countries regulate and oversee commercial banks, provide deposit insurance and act as lender of last resort to commercial banks.Because bank deposits are usually considered money in their own right, and because banks hold reserves that are less than their deposit liabilities, fractional-reserve banking permits the money supply to grow beyond the amount of the underlying reserves of base money originally created by the central bank. In most countries, the central bank (or other monetary authority) regulates bank credit creation, imposing reserve requirements and capital adequacy ratios. This can limit the amount of money creation that occurs in the commercial banking system, and helps to ensure that banks are solvent and have enough funds to meet demand for withdrawals. However, rather than directly controlling the money supply, central banks usually pursue an interest rate target to control inflation and bank issuance of credit.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report