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Histograms, Mean, and Standard Deviation
Histograms, Mean, and Standard Deviation

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... Mode: The mode of a sample is the most frequent value. In the sample above, the mode is non-unique - both 2 and 5 occur twice. It may not exist at all if no two values occur more than once. We can usually make a sample with at least one mode by grouping the samples into bins of almost-identical valu ...
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... smaller, but it doesn’t change anything – the mean is still significantly different from 19 (but not 18). 3) a) Find z .0005 . Make a diagram! The diagram for z will be a Normal curve centered at zero and will show one point, z .0005 , which has 0.05% above it (and 99.95% below it!) and is above zer ...
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... As with x/n, p is also between 0 and 1, and while x/n is a sample characteristic, p is a population characteristic. The relationship between the two parallels the relationship between and , and between x and . In particular, we will subsequently use x/n to make inferences about p. ...
Example: Mean heart rate in young adults
Example: Mean heart rate in young adults

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Misuse of statistics

Statistics are supposed to make something easier to understand but when used in a misleading fashion can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator. When the statistical reason involved is false or misapplied, this constitutes a statistical fallacy.The false statistics trap can be quite damaging to the quest for knowledge. For example, in medical science, correcting a falsehood may take decades and cost lives.Misuses can be easy to fall into. Professional scientists, even mathematicians and professional statisticians, can be fooled by even some simple methods, even if they are careful to check everything. Scientists have been known to fool themselves with statistics due to lack of knowledge of probability theory and lack of standardization of their tests.
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