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Formula “Card” For Basic Biostat 9/24/2007 Draft
Formula “Card” For Basic Biostat 9/24/2007 Draft

...  Measurement is the assignment of numbers or codes according to prior set rules. The main types of statistical measurements types are quantitative, ordinal, and categorical.  Make sure students understand that the usefulness of a study is contingent on the quality of its information (GIGO principl ...
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... Reject the null hypothesis because t is smaller than expected by chance Keep the null hypothesis because t is bigger than expected by chance Keep the null hypothesis because t is smaller than expected by chance ...
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... its value. There are usually two keys labelled n and n-1 ( is used, even though the keys are only for sample calculations). The n -1 refers to finding an ‘unbiased’ value for the sample standard deviation: calculations based on small samples (<25 values or so) tend to slightly underestimate the t ...
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... Probability to get at least as extreme as what we observed given H0 P-value small: Correct: our data is unlikely given the H0. We don’t believe in unlikely things so something is wrong. Reject H0. Common language: It is unlikely that H0 is true; we should reject H0 P-value large: We can´t rule out t ...
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... 1.1.1 State that error bars are a graphical representation of the variability of data. 1.1.2 Calculate the mean and standard deviation of a set of values. 1.1.3 State that the term standard deviation is used to summarize the spread of values around the mean, and that 68% of the values fall within on ...
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... 17. If you are given data that is perfectly symmetric… a. What is the best measure of center to use? _______________ b. What is the best measure of spread to use? _______________ c. What is the best graph to use to display the data? _______________ 18. If you are given data that has one outlier… a. ...
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... Mode:  most commonly occurring value Range:  the difference between the largest observation and the smallest Interquartile range:  the spread of the data  commonly used for skewed data Standard deviation:  a single number which measures how much the observations vary around the mean Symmetrical ...
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... 1. The claim is made that the mean I.Q. of students at a college is equal to 118. It is known that the population standard deviation of all the student I.Q.s is equal to 5. A sample of one hundred randomly selected students’ I.Q.s are collected. The sample mean is found to be 119. Assuming that the ...
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Math 230 Sample Final Exam

... timed trials for Nursing majors teams of four people to complete various tasks is known to have a mean of 20 minutes. While the various tasks differ, they are all designed to take the same amount of time. While variability occurs based on the particular Nursing team and the particular task, the popu ...
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Misuse of statistics

Statistics are supposed to make something easier to understand but when used in a misleading fashion can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator. When the statistical reason involved is false or misapplied, this constitutes a statistical fallacy.The false statistics trap can be quite damaging to the quest for knowledge. For example, in medical science, correcting a falsehood may take decades and cost lives.Misuses can be easy to fall into. Professional scientists, even mathematicians and professional statisticians, can be fooled by even some simple methods, even if they are careful to check everything. Scientists have been known to fool themselves with statistics due to lack of knowledge of probability theory and lack of standardization of their tests.
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