Lightning Protection Guide
... Parts 1 to 4 of the international IEC 62305 standard series, which was published in 2006, laid the foundation for lightning protection standards and their application. This standard series was published almost at the same time as the European lightning protection standard series EN 62305 Parts 1 to ...
... Parts 1 to 4 of the international IEC 62305 standard series, which was published in 2006, laid the foundation for lightning protection standards and their application. This standard series was published almost at the same time as the European lightning protection standard series EN 62305 Parts 1 to ...
Lightning protection guide
... OBO Bettermann is one of the world’s most experienced manufacturers of lightning and surge protection systems. For almost 100 years, OBO has been developing and producing standard-compliant lightning protection components. The rise of the modern computer began in the 1970s, with the invention of the ...
... OBO Bettermann is one of the world’s most experienced manufacturers of lightning and surge protection systems. For almost 100 years, OBO has been developing and producing standard-compliant lightning protection components. The rise of the modern computer began in the 1970s, with the invention of the ...
Constraining the initial properties of Terrestrial Gamma
... understood. We know that the source of the TGFs are somewhere inside thunderstorms and that they result from a large number of high energy electrons that produce high energy photons through bremsstrahlung. However, we do not know exactly where in the thunderstorm; at what altitude are TGFs produced, ...
... understood. We know that the source of the TGFs are somewhere inside thunderstorms and that they result from a large number of high energy electrons that produce high energy photons through bremsstrahlung. However, we do not know exactly where in the thunderstorm; at what altitude are TGFs produced, ...
ERITECH® Lightning Protection Handbook
... new IEC standards as CENELEC standards. The committees of CENELEC may choose to make some alterations to the IEC version. Additionally, CENELEC produce their own standards to which IEC have no counterpart. CENELEC documents are produced in English, French and German and an approved CENELEC standard ...
... new IEC standards as CENELEC standards. The committees of CENELEC may choose to make some alterations to the IEC version. Additionally, CENELEC produce their own standards to which IEC have no counterpart. CENELEC documents are produced in English, French and German and an approved CENELEC standard ...
electromagnetic radiation from lightning return strokes
... It is shown, for the first time, that the current distribution associated with these extended models exhibits a discontinuity at the return-stroke wavefront which (although not physically conceivable) needs to be taken into account by an additional term in the equations for the electromagnetic field ...
... It is shown, for the first time, that the current distribution associated with these extended models exhibits a discontinuity at the return-stroke wavefront which (although not physically conceivable) needs to be taken into account by an additional term in the equations for the electromagnetic field ...
High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Terrestrial Gamma
... S.A. Cummer Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA ...
... S.A. Cummer Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA ...
ELF Radiation Produced by Electrical Currents in Sprites
... for the duration of the second current peak, and that ∼50% of the measured peak current moment is due to currents in the sprite (the remainder would be smoothly decaying continuing currents in the lightning stroke common in positive discharges [Uman, 1987, p. 200]). This implies that the peak vertic ...
... for the duration of the second current peak, and that ∼50% of the measured peak current moment is due to currents in the sprite (the remainder would be smoothly decaying continuing currents in the lightning stroke common in positive discharges [Uman, 1987, p. 200]). This implies that the peak vertic ...
Charge moment change and lightning
... electric fields. Both strong positive and negative cloud to ground flashes (CGs) are capable of initiating sprites. However, reported sprites are almost exclusively produced by +CGs. The very limited number of negative polarity sprites makes it difficult to reveal their morphologies and mechanisms. ...
... electric fields. Both strong positive and negative cloud to ground flashes (CGs) are capable of initiating sprites. However, reported sprites are almost exclusively produced by +CGs. The very limited number of negative polarity sprites makes it difficult to reveal their morphologies and mechanisms. ...
Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar
... findings and development in research on extrasolar planets, brown dwarfs and protoplanetary disks. We hope to stimulate a closer interaction between these communities. The last few decades have taken us from a Universe with only a single planetary system known, to one with thousands, and maybe milli ...
... findings and development in research on extrasolar planets, brown dwarfs and protoplanetary disks. We hope to stimulate a closer interaction between these communities. The last few decades have taken us from a Universe with only a single planetary system known, to one with thousands, and maybe milli ...
Abstract Title of Dissertation: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF
... and estimated the global annual NOx production of 2 to 30 TgN/year if the entire NO produced by lightning was converted to NO2. Although field measurements of NOx avoid many uncertainties associated with lightning parameters and correlation functions that result from scaling up a laboratory spark to ...
... and estimated the global annual NOx production of 2 to 30 TgN/year if the entire NO produced by lightning was converted to NO2. Although field measurements of NOx avoid many uncertainties associated with lightning parameters and correlation functions that result from scaling up a laboratory spark to ...
Ball Handling Mechanisms for Mobile Robots
... This thesis addresses the use of ball handling mechanisms by soccer robots. In order to provide a quality match similar to a real soccer game, these mechanisms are essential for the robot to be able to control the ball, turning cooperation between robots and goal scoring possible. Two different syst ...
... This thesis addresses the use of ball handling mechanisms by soccer robots. In order to provide a quality match similar to a real soccer game, these mechanisms are essential for the robot to be able to control the ball, turning cooperation between robots and goal scoring possible. Two different syst ...
Chapter 16: Problems
... 14. Three charged balls are placed so that each is at a Figure 16.23: An arrangement of five different corner of a square, as shown in Figure 16.24. charged balls, for Exercise 13. Balls 1 and 3 both have positive charges, but the sign of the charge on ball 2 is not shown. The figure also shows the ...
... 14. Three charged balls are placed so that each is at a Figure 16.23: An arrangement of five different corner of a square, as shown in Figure 16.24. charged balls, for Exercise 13. Balls 1 and 3 both have positive charges, but the sign of the charge on ball 2 is not shown. The figure also shows the ...
A Lightning Parameterization for Numerical Cloud Models - storm-t
... of charges to configurations that produce electric field magnitudes comparable to the threshold for flash initiation. However, investigators also have suggested that lightning may produce new charged regions, either immediately, at the location of lightning channels (Marshall and Winn 1982; Helsdon ...
... of charges to configurations that produce electric field magnitudes comparable to the threshold for flash initiation. However, investigators also have suggested that lightning may produce new charged regions, either immediately, at the location of lightning channels (Marshall and Winn 1982; Helsdon ...
this paper
... Next, the “myth” of “ground” is explored. While earth ground does indeed exist, so do our misunderstandings of it. In electronics, ground is considered to be a common point, a point of zero potential and an infinite sink of electrons. In reality, most points we consider “grounded” are far from this ...
... Next, the “myth” of “ground” is explored. While earth ground does indeed exist, so do our misunderstandings of it. In electronics, ground is considered to be a common point, a point of zero potential and an infinite sink of electrons. In reality, most points we consider “grounded” are far from this ...
ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΛΟΓΩΝ
... instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape. The water ...
... instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape. The water ...
air breakdown characteristics in plane
... In addition, this project consists of experimental setup and software simulation. For the experimental setup, TERCO lightning impulse circuit is used to obtain the lightning impulse waveform. The lightning impulse waveform could be observed by using oscilloscope which is connected to the circuit. Th ...
... In addition, this project consists of experimental setup and software simulation. For the experimental setup, TERCO lightning impulse circuit is used to obtain the lightning impulse waveform. The lightning impulse waveform could be observed by using oscilloscope which is connected to the circuit. Th ...
unusual behavior of radiant barrier materials in fire causation
... home or building construction. The products include a layer of reflective material (usually a form of aluminum foil) to reflect thermal heat energy. When placed in an attic space of a house, the products reduce the amount of summer solar heat that enters the house through the roof and in the winter ...
... home or building construction. The products include a layer of reflective material (usually a form of aluminum foil) to reflect thermal heat energy. When placed in an attic space of a house, the products reduce the amount of summer solar heat that enters the house through the roof and in the winter ...
Estimation of the fluence of high‐energy electron bursts produced by
... electric field. (b–c) Waveforms from different X‐ray detectors located at 3, 80, and 188 m from the lightning channel. In the plots, each negative pulse is due to a burst of many X rays. The blue traces labeled “UPMT” are the anode signals from NaI/PMTs contained within a 0.32 cm thick aluminum box. ...
... electric field. (b–c) Waveforms from different X‐ray detectors located at 3, 80, and 188 m from the lightning channel. In the plots, each negative pulse is due to a burst of many X rays. The blue traces labeled “UPMT” are the anode signals from NaI/PMTs contained within a 0.32 cm thick aluminum box. ...
A Physical Simulation of Ball Lightning for Computer Graphics
... of some sort. There are many ball lightning theories who’s explanations range from simple combustion to nuclear fusion. In his 1971 book, Stanley Singer described ball lightning as: a luminous globe which occurs in the course of a thunderstorm. It is most often red, although varying colors including ...
... of some sort. There are many ball lightning theories who’s explanations range from simple combustion to nuclear fusion. In his 1971 book, Stanley Singer described ball lightning as: a luminous globe which occurs in the course of a thunderstorm. It is most often red, although varying colors including ...
The Case for Using Blunt-Tipped Lightning Rods as Strike Receptors
... announced that strikes to a tall metal rod could be conducted to the earth by a wire without damage to the structure on which the rod and connecting wire were installed. His discovery came after some parlor demonstrations with an electrostatic generator in which Franklin and his associates had found ...
... announced that strikes to a tall metal rod could be conducted to the earth by a wire without damage to the structure on which the rod and connecting wire were installed. His discovery came after some parlor demonstrations with an electrostatic generator in which Franklin and his associates had found ...
Li, J. Q. Yang, W. Sima, C. Sun, T. Yuan, and M. Zahn, A New Estimation Model on the Lightning Shielding Performance of Transmission Lines Using a Fractal Approach, accepted for publication, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
... lines and to analyze lightning shielding failures. However, LPM assumes the leader propagates in the direction of maximum electric field intensity. In other words, it only considers the deterministic factors in the lightning leader progression and ignores the influence of leader branches on the spat ...
... lines and to analyze lightning shielding failures. However, LPM assumes the leader propagates in the direction of maximum electric field intensity. In other words, it only considers the deterministic factors in the lightning leader progression and ignores the influence of leader branches on the spat ...
Lightning and Boats - Holiday Harbour Marina
... Lightning is not a homogenous event. Strikes vary considerably. One strike may deliver over one thousand times more current than another. Strikes can last as long as ten seconds, or be as brief as two tenths of a second. Strikes that are longer lasting are capable or transferring more of the heat in ...
... Lightning is not a homogenous event. Strikes vary considerably. One strike may deliver over one thousand times more current than another. Strikes can last as long as ten seconds, or be as brief as two tenths of a second. Strikes that are longer lasting are capable or transferring more of the heat in ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.
... harmonic form of return current flow in the pre-ionized channel of stepped leader largely governs the radiated electromagnetic power and its spectral characteristics [12 - 13]. The double exponential form of return current flow does explain certain features of atmospherics but it is not based on the ...
... harmonic form of return current flow in the pre-ionized channel of stepped leader largely governs the radiated electromagnetic power and its spectral characteristics [12 - 13]. The double exponential form of return current flow does explain certain features of atmospherics but it is not based on the ...
2 Basic stages of a lightning spark
... Therefore we assume, that charge separation must be related to a rapid vertical movements within the cloud. These tall clouds mainly form in the summertime, which explains the lack of lightning in the winter. An important fact seems to be the observation, that lightning rarely occurs before the grow ...
... Therefore we assume, that charge separation must be related to a rapid vertical movements within the cloud. These tall clouds mainly form in the summertime, which explains the lack of lightning in the winter. An important fact seems to be the observation, that lightning rarely occurs before the grow ...
fulltext
... techniques and the random nature of lightning. A great deal of useful information can be obtained by analyzing the broad band and narrow band radiation fields generated by lightning. In this thesis, features of broad band electric field radiation of cloud flashes and narrow bipolar events together w ...
... techniques and the random nature of lightning. A great deal of useful information can be obtained by analyzing the broad band and narrow band radiation fields generated by lightning. In this thesis, features of broad band electric field radiation of cloud flashes and narrow bipolar events together w ...
Ball lightning
Ball lightning is an unexplained atmospheric electrical phenomenon. The term refers to reports of luminous, spherical objects which vary in diameter from pea-sized to several meters. It is usually associated with thunderstorms, but lasts considerably longer than the split-second flash of a lightning bolt. Many early reports say that the ball eventually explodes, sometimes with fatal consequences, leaving behind the odor of sulfur.Until the 1960s, most scientists argued that ball lightning was not a real phenomenon but an urban myth, despite numerous reports throughout the world. Laboratory experiments can produce effects that are visually similar to reports of ball lightning, but whether these are related to the natural phenomenon remains unclear.Many scientific hypotheses about ball lightning have been proposed over the centuries. Scientific data on natural ball lightning are scarce, owing to its infrequency and unpredictability. The presumption of its existence is based on reported public sightings, and has therefore produced somewhat inconsistent findings. Given inconsistencies and lack of reliable data, the true nature of ball lightning is still unknown. The first ever optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball lightning event was published in January 2014 and included a video at high frame rate.