Lightning - Educypedia
... Franklin, provided the first direct proof that thunderclouds contain electricity, although several scientists had previously noted the similarity between laboratory sparks and lightning (Prinz 1977; Tomilin 1986). The Marly experiment was repeated thereafter in several countries including Italy, Ger ...
... Franklin, provided the first direct proof that thunderclouds contain electricity, although several scientists had previously noted the similarity between laboratory sparks and lightning (Prinz 1977; Tomilin 1986). The Marly experiment was repeated thereafter in several countries including Italy, Ger ...
Whistler intensities above thunderstorms
... CG discharges. The in-cloud to CG occurrence ratio at ∼ 50◦ latitude computed from an empirical relationship derived by Prentice and Mackerras (1977) is 2.3:1. The intensities of incloud lightning are relatively weaker than those of CG lightning (Betz et al., 2009). As for lightning used in our stud ...
... CG discharges. The in-cloud to CG occurrence ratio at ∼ 50◦ latitude computed from an empirical relationship derived by Prentice and Mackerras (1977) is 2.3:1. The intensities of incloud lightning are relatively weaker than those of CG lightning (Betz et al., 2009). As for lightning used in our stud ...
Modelling of Three–Dimensional Field Around Lightning Rods
... updraft, which was created by the warm air rising, weakens and less moisture is carried upwards. This results in less condensation, and less rain and hail which weakens the downdraft. As the downdraft lessens the wind speeds decrease and the intensity of the rain decreases. There are no longer any l ...
... updraft, which was created by the warm air rising, weakens and less moisture is carried upwards. This results in less condensation, and less rain and hail which weakens the downdraft. As the downdraft lessens the wind speeds decrease and the intensity of the rain decreases. There are no longer any l ...
1 The Thunderstorm - KFUPM Faculty List
... There are several varieties of lightning discharge, and of these the dominant cloud-toearth type will be described first. The channel to earth is first established by a stepped discharge called a leader or leader stroke. The initiation of the leader might be due to the downward movement of negative ...
... There are several varieties of lightning discharge, and of these the dominant cloud-toearth type will be described first. The channel to earth is first established by a stepped discharge called a leader or leader stroke. The initiation of the leader might be due to the downward movement of negative ...
Two-Dimensional Free Space Mesh Generation for Cloud-to
... Lightning is an unexpected electrostatic discharge during an electric storm between electrically charged regions of a cloud (called intracloud lightning), between that cloud and another cloud (CC lightning), or between a cloud and the ground (CG lightning) or between ground and the cloud (GC lightni ...
... Lightning is an unexpected electrostatic discharge during an electric storm between electrically charged regions of a cloud (called intracloud lightning), between that cloud and another cloud (CC lightning), or between a cloud and the ground (CG lightning) or between ground and the cloud (GC lightni ...
US Army Lightning Protection Safety Guide
... Several methods are available to detect lightning. In one form or another, these methods can be applied by soldiers at all levels to know when a lightning hazard is expected or imminent. A major disadvantage of most detection systems is that they cannot predict the first strike of lightning. They ca ...
... Several methods are available to detect lightning. In one form or another, these methods can be applied by soldiers at all levels to know when a lightning hazard is expected or imminent. A major disadvantage of most detection systems is that they cannot predict the first strike of lightning. They ca ...
17 27 Line Charge - nchsdduncanapphysics
... (c) Comment on whether you think the fit is good enough to verify that the theoretical equation adequately describes the electric field due at various distances, r, along a perpendicular axis passing through the center of the rod. ...
... (c) Comment on whether you think the fit is good enough to verify that the theoretical equation adequately describes the electric field due at various distances, r, along a perpendicular axis passing through the center of the rod. ...
Morality and Islam
... 3. A student holds a ball at rest then allows it to fall. The ball accelerates freely to the ground. The student notes that before release the momentum of the ball is zero but after release it has a momentum. The student concludes that this shows that the law of conservation of momentum is not alway ...
... 3. A student holds a ball at rest then allows it to fall. The ball accelerates freely to the ground. The student notes that before release the momentum of the ball is zero but after release it has a momentum. The student concludes that this shows that the law of conservation of momentum is not alway ...
PHY–309 L. Solutions for Problem set # 1. Question Q.4 at the end
... the other side of the ball is repelled by the rod. But since the ball’s side attracted to the rod is closer to it than the repelled side, the attractive force is stronger than the repulsive! Thus, the net force on the neutral pith ball is towards the charged rod. Now suppose the rod is negatively ch ...
... the other side of the ball is repelled by the rod. But since the ball’s side attracted to the rod is closer to it than the repelled side, the attractive force is stronger than the repulsive! Thus, the net force on the neutral pith ball is towards the charged rod. Now suppose the rod is negatively ch ...
The Physical Parameters of Lightning and the Techniques by Which
... We know today that lightning is nothing more than a giant electric spark and that audible thunder is the noise created by the spark as its hot gases expand against the ambient atmosphere. Obvious as these facts may seem now, a period of about 2000 years elapsed from the time of Aristotle until the t ...
... We know today that lightning is nothing more than a giant electric spark and that audible thunder is the noise created by the spark as its hot gases expand against the ambient atmosphere. Obvious as these facts may seem now, a period of about 2000 years elapsed from the time of Aristotle until the t ...
Full Text PDF - Science and Education Publishing
... times lighter than the positive ions in, say, air. Thus it is here assumed that under special circumstances an electron population may possibly become dislocated over large distances due to transient external fields with respect to the heavier, more sluggish ion population, leaving such an excess of ...
... times lighter than the positive ions in, say, air. Thus it is here assumed that under special circumstances an electron population may possibly become dislocated over large distances due to transient external fields with respect to the heavier, more sluggish ion population, leaving such an excess of ...
Electric Charge and Force
... extra electron makes the molecule negatively charged, while the atom it came from has become a positive-charge ion. Some surfaces (PVC, PET, polyester, rubber) are prone to collect electrons (–), but others (hair, glass, silk, nylon) tend to lose electrons (+). {but be aware that tiny amounts of wat ...
... extra electron makes the molecule negatively charged, while the atom it came from has become a positive-charge ion. Some surfaces (PVC, PET, polyester, rubber) are prone to collect electrons (–), but others (hair, glass, silk, nylon) tend to lose electrons (+). {but be aware that tiny amounts of wat ...
Ball Lightning - Auguste Meessen
... that BL had a semi-transparent shell [26]. Perhaps, the intensity of the emitted light is usually too high to recognize a luminous membrane. It should also be noted that the outer surface is not always sharply defined. A floating luminous ball with a diameter of about 15 cm had the appearance of a s ...
... that BL had a semi-transparent shell [26]. Perhaps, the intensity of the emitted light is usually too high to recognize a luminous membrane. It should also be noted that the outer surface is not always sharply defined. A floating luminous ball with a diameter of about 15 cm had the appearance of a s ...
Ch. 22 (Electrostatics)
... ⇒ Before lightning strikes, negatively charged stepped leaders come down from the cloud and positively charged upward streamers rush upwards from objects on the ground. ...
... ⇒ Before lightning strikes, negatively charged stepped leaders come down from the cloud and positively charged upward streamers rush upwards from objects on the ground. ...
Influence of a single lightning discharge on the intensity
... corresponds to the results of laboratory and natural tests described above. As long as the response is observed only in the range of 6.5–11 kHz, we may suggest characteristic size of sources of 10−1 m. Evaluation was carried on the basis of signal propagation in sedimentary rocks according to Brune’ ...
... corresponds to the results of laboratory and natural tests described above. As long as the response is observed only in the range of 6.5–11 kHz, we may suggest characteristic size of sources of 10−1 m. Evaluation was carried on the basis of signal propagation in sedimentary rocks according to Brune’ ...
Magnetic Torque
... decreasedas the temperature of the coils increases,you may not be able to obtain the highest fields if you allow the coils to get too hot. ln order to calculatethe magneticfield at the center of the apparatus,one needsto perform an integral, since each of the turns has a different radius and a diffe ...
... decreasedas the temperature of the coils increases,you may not be able to obtain the highest fields if you allow the coils to get too hot. ln order to calculatethe magneticfield at the center of the apparatus,one needsto perform an integral, since each of the turns has a different radius and a diffe ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.
... measurements for these frequency bands. There are relatively few studies on the radiated power in UHF or micro wave regions except the few workers [3 – 7]. Wilson [8] suggested that the strong electric field of thunderclouds could produce electrons with energies up to several MeV. Number of investig ...
... measurements for these frequency bands. There are relatively few studies on the radiated power in UHF or micro wave regions except the few workers [3 – 7]. Wilson [8] suggested that the strong electric field of thunderclouds could produce electrons with energies up to several MeV. Number of investig ...
Cosmic Lightning
... flow can separate electric charges on a large scale, see Fig. (1a). The generated electricpotential differences within thunderclouds drive lightning strokes, see Fig. (1b). However, of this very common phenomenon, there are still many aspects not understood [3]. 1) Lightning initiation: Different me ...
... flow can separate electric charges on a large scale, see Fig. (1a). The generated electricpotential differences within thunderclouds drive lightning strokes, see Fig. (1b). However, of this very common phenomenon, there are still many aspects not understood [3]. 1) Lightning initiation: Different me ...
98 - Protection Against Direct Lightning Strokes by Charge
... to exist. At this particular phaseof the lightning development process,the situation exists where the space chargeabove the sharpenedpoints acts as a shield, making a direct lightning stroke into the points impossible. This well known phenomenon leads to a better understanding as why a lightning rod ...
... to exist. At this particular phaseof the lightning development process,the situation exists where the space chargeabove the sharpenedpoints acts as a shield, making a direct lightning stroke into the points impossible. This well known phenomenon leads to a better understanding as why a lightning rod ...
CHAPTER 4 THE THUNDERCLOUD
... The energy of a thunderstorm is determined by the amount of water vapour present. Typically, a single cell contains 8 × 108 kg of water (Israel 1973) of which about 60% is converted into heat and precipitation. The total energy dissipated by a cell is therefore 1.4 × 1014 joules per cell. If the ave ...
... The energy of a thunderstorm is determined by the amount of water vapour present. Typically, a single cell contains 8 × 108 kg of water (Israel 1973) of which about 60% is converted into heat and precipitation. The total energy dissipated by a cell is therefore 1.4 × 1014 joules per cell. If the ave ...
Solid charged-core model of ball lightning
... This can be estimated from the amount of heat energy required to raise the material to its boiling point and evaporate it. This would of course over-estimate the breaking strength because of flaws in the material. For iron the bonding energy is about 7 × 1010 J/m3 and applying the virial theorem giv ...
... This can be estimated from the amount of heat energy required to raise the material to its boiling point and evaporate it. This would of course over-estimate the breaking strength because of flaws in the material. For iron the bonding energy is about 7 × 1010 J/m3 and applying the virial theorem giv ...
2013_final_exam
... channel extending from 6 km to a point 100 meters above the ground. You can assume that charge is uniformly distributed along the leader channel and that the line charge density is 1 x 10-3 C/m. Assume also that the ground is flat and a perfect conductor. ...
... channel extending from 6 km to a point 100 meters above the ground. You can assume that charge is uniformly distributed along the leader channel and that the line charge density is 1 x 10-3 C/m. Assume also that the ground is flat and a perfect conductor. ...
Solutions to semester2 practice problems - Head
... 24. A box on the floor weighing 200N is lifted 2 meters into the air, and held there. a. How much work is done on the box? W = Fd = (200N)(2m) = 400 J b. What is the change in potential energy? PE = mgh = 400J or W = ∆PE = 400J c. If the box is dropped from this height, what will it’s kinetic energy ...
... 24. A box on the floor weighing 200N is lifted 2 meters into the air, and held there. a. How much work is done on the box? W = Fd = (200N)(2m) = 400 J b. What is the change in potential energy? PE = mgh = 400J or W = ∆PE = 400J c. If the box is dropped from this height, what will it’s kinetic energy ...
A Basic Primer in Lightning Effects and Protection
... metal rods are used for this purpose and are termed air terminals and are also called “lightning rods.” Strike terminations can come in other forms such as overhead wires or structural components of buildings. Specifications for strike terminations are given in NFPA 780. A common question often aske ...
... metal rods are used for this purpose and are termed air terminals and are also called “lightning rods.” Strike terminations can come in other forms such as overhead wires or structural components of buildings. Specifications for strike terminations are given in NFPA 780. A common question often aske ...
Ball lightning
Ball lightning is an unexplained atmospheric electrical phenomenon. The term refers to reports of luminous, spherical objects which vary in diameter from pea-sized to several meters. It is usually associated with thunderstorms, but lasts considerably longer than the split-second flash of a lightning bolt. Many early reports say that the ball eventually explodes, sometimes with fatal consequences, leaving behind the odor of sulfur.Until the 1960s, most scientists argued that ball lightning was not a real phenomenon but an urban myth, despite numerous reports throughout the world. Laboratory experiments can produce effects that are visually similar to reports of ball lightning, but whether these are related to the natural phenomenon remains unclear.Many scientific hypotheses about ball lightning have been proposed over the centuries. Scientific data on natural ball lightning are scarce, owing to its infrequency and unpredictability. The presumption of its existence is based on reported public sightings, and has therefore produced somewhat inconsistent findings. Given inconsistencies and lack of reliable data, the true nature of ball lightning is still unknown. The first ever optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball lightning event was published in January 2014 and included a video at high frame rate.