Regulation of Neurosteroid Biosynthesis by Neurotransmitters and
... GABA A receptors, inhibits 3β-HSD activity and that ODN, acting as an inverse agonist on the GABA A/CBR complex, stimulates neurosteroid biosynthesis. Labeling of brain sections revealed the existence of NPY-immunoreactive varicosities in close proximity to HST-containing perikarya. In situ hybridiz ...
... GABA A receptors, inhibits 3β-HSD activity and that ODN, acting as an inverse agonist on the GABA A/CBR complex, stimulates neurosteroid biosynthesis. Labeling of brain sections revealed the existence of NPY-immunoreactive varicosities in close proximity to HST-containing perikarya. In situ hybridiz ...
Chapter 8 from Textbook
... An axon (ak′-sahn), or nerve fiber, is a long, thin process of a neuron. It may have one or more side branches, and it forms a number of short, fine branches, the axon terminals, at its tip. The slightly enlarged tips of the axon terminals are the synaptic knobs, which form junctions (synapses) with ...
... An axon (ak′-sahn), or nerve fiber, is a long, thin process of a neuron. It may have one or more side branches, and it forms a number of short, fine branches, the axon terminals, at its tip. The slightly enlarged tips of the axon terminals are the synaptic knobs, which form junctions (synapses) with ...
How Is the Brain Organized?
... appearance. The rat brain is smooth, whereas the other brains have furrows in the cerebral cortex. The pattern of furrows differs considerably in the human, the monkey, and the cat. The cat brain and, to some extent, the monkey brain have long folds that appear to run much of the length of the brain ...
... appearance. The rat brain is smooth, whereas the other brains have furrows in the cerebral cortex. The pattern of furrows differs considerably in the human, the monkey, and the cat. The cat brain and, to some extent, the monkey brain have long folds that appear to run much of the length of the brain ...
Brainwaves ("40 Hz") Research
... In the visual system, it used to be thought that successive hierarchies of neurons encoded progressively more complex features of objects. This scheme, however, is inflexible and inefficient. Conjunctions of more and more combinations of "low-level" features are needed to define progressively "highe ...
... In the visual system, it used to be thought that successive hierarchies of neurons encoded progressively more complex features of objects. This scheme, however, is inflexible and inefficient. Conjunctions of more and more combinations of "low-level" features are needed to define progressively "highe ...
Exam 5 Study Guide
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
A Role of Central NELL2 in the Regulation of Feeding Behavior in
... energy homeostasis. Within the central nervous system, a great focus has been made in and around the circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) which are a first responder of circulating metabolic signal molecules as well as ...
... energy homeostasis. Within the central nervous system, a great focus has been made in and around the circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) which are a first responder of circulating metabolic signal molecules as well as ...
Connections of the Hypothalamus
... regions associated with the somatic and/or autonomic motor systems, ‘ascending’ projections to thalamocortical loops, and projections to the adjacent lateral hypothalamic area, which may be concerned with modulating behavioral state. The other class of output from behavior control column nuclei is t ...
... regions associated with the somatic and/or autonomic motor systems, ‘ascending’ projections to thalamocortical loops, and projections to the adjacent lateral hypothalamic area, which may be concerned with modulating behavioral state. The other class of output from behavior control column nuclei is t ...
Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning
... The insect MB appears more complex than the cephalopod VL (see schema in Fig 1; ((11)). It is a neuropilar structure, composed of a calyx (cal), where projection neurons (PNs) emerging from the antennal lobe (al) form synapses with Kenyon cells en route and terminate in the lateral horn. The Kenyon ...
... The insect MB appears more complex than the cephalopod VL (see schema in Fig 1; ((11)). It is a neuropilar structure, composed of a calyx (cal), where projection neurons (PNs) emerging from the antennal lobe (al) form synapses with Kenyon cells en route and terminate in the lateral horn. The Kenyon ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... Many aspects of insect behavior entail stereotyped sequences of movement that are controlled by neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs; Marder et al., 2005). CPGs are located in the ventral nerve cord (CPGs controlling behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) ...
... Many aspects of insect behavior entail stereotyped sequences of movement that are controlled by neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs; Marder et al., 2005). CPGs are located in the ventral nerve cord (CPGs controlling behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) ...
CHAPTER 15 CHORDATA STUDY GUIDE
... 2. In most cases, it extends the length of the body and is between the gut tract and the nervous system. 3. The notochord mainly serves to stiffen the body or act as a skeletal axis. 4. Chordates share features with some invertebrates: bilateral symmetry, anteroposterior axis, coelom, tube-within-a- ...
... 2. In most cases, it extends the length of the body and is between the gut tract and the nervous system. 3. The notochord mainly serves to stiffen the body or act as a skeletal axis. 4. Chordates share features with some invertebrates: bilateral symmetry, anteroposterior axis, coelom, tube-within-a- ...
Exam 5 Study Guide-sp2016
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
Gross Organization II
... that the spinal cord comprises two different areas: • inner H-shaped core of gray matter (cell bodies) • outer area of white matter (myelinated axons) Spinal cord gray matter is divided into dorsal and ventral horns and each contains prominent nuclear groups. The white matter is organized into vario ...
... that the spinal cord comprises two different areas: • inner H-shaped core of gray matter (cell bodies) • outer area of white matter (myelinated axons) Spinal cord gray matter is divided into dorsal and ventral horns and each contains prominent nuclear groups. The white matter is organized into vario ...
Researchers inch closer to causes, cures for insomnia, narcolepsy
... brain remain unduly active in people with insomnia, including the hypothalamus, a brain center important for sleep and arousal. In the not-too-distant future, Bonnet says, scientists may identify the precise brain regions where activity is too high at night, and the regions that tell the body to rev ...
... brain remain unduly active in people with insomnia, including the hypothalamus, a brain center important for sleep and arousal. In the not-too-distant future, Bonnet says, scientists may identify the precise brain regions where activity is too high at night, and the regions that tell the body to rev ...
12-2 Neurons
... • Is expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron • Contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters ...
... • Is expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron • Contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters ...
Printable Activities
... The tendency of the invertebrates was to concentrate the nervous system in the anterior region, where brain cells are created. Later, the evolutionary trend was towards the formation of a nervous cord, capable of connecting the brain to the rest of the body. From the point of view of kinship (phylog ...
... The tendency of the invertebrates was to concentrate the nervous system in the anterior region, where brain cells are created. Later, the evolutionary trend was towards the formation of a nervous cord, capable of connecting the brain to the rest of the body. From the point of view of kinship (phylog ...
Sleep Mar 19 2013x - Lakehead University
... afferents in animals did not eradicate their sleep/wake cycles We now know that sleeping is an active process that includes the participation of a variety of brain regions ...
... afferents in animals did not eradicate their sleep/wake cycles We now know that sleeping is an active process that includes the participation of a variety of brain regions ...
Alterations of the Giant Pyramidal Neurons (Betz Cells) in
... Diabetes may enhance the development of stroke via increased cortical apoptotic activity but this was not additive in the hippocampus following ischemic injury (Li et al., 2004). Also, the thickness of internal pyramidal layer in primary motor cortex may be due to increasing microglia and other glia ...
... Diabetes may enhance the development of stroke via increased cortical apoptotic activity but this was not additive in the hippocampus following ischemic injury (Li et al., 2004). Also, the thickness of internal pyramidal layer in primary motor cortex may be due to increasing microglia and other glia ...
Document
... characterize excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons in the human gastric sling and clasp fibers, their location, structure, responses, and how they affect that area of the body and potential complications that may arise there. Often times, there is a discrepancy with the cell signaling that takes p ...
... characterize excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons in the human gastric sling and clasp fibers, their location, structure, responses, and how they affect that area of the body and potential complications that may arise there. Often times, there is a discrepancy with the cell signaling that takes p ...
35 | the nervous system
... to function without the vital roles that are fulfilled by these glial cells. Glia guide developing neurons to their destinations, buffer ions and chemicals that would otherwise harm neurons, and provide myelin sheaths around axons. Scientists have recently discovered that they also play a role in re ...
... to function without the vital roles that are fulfilled by these glial cells. Glia guide developing neurons to their destinations, buffer ions and chemicals that would otherwise harm neurons, and provide myelin sheaths around axons. Scientists have recently discovered that they also play a role in re ...
Natural Antioxidants May Prevent Posttraumatic Epilepsy: A
... hemoglobin itself are known to generate ROS［46-48］. Transient formation ofROS is found after theinjection of iron salt into the rat cerebral cortex［49, 50］. ROS, especially OH, are responsible for the induction of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids that are components of neuronal membranes. Suc ...
... hemoglobin itself are known to generate ROS［46-48］. Transient formation ofROS is found after theinjection of iron salt into the rat cerebral cortex［49, 50］. ROS, especially OH, are responsible for the induction of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids that are components of neuronal membranes. Suc ...
1 Brain Development, SIDS and Shaken Baby By Rhonda Crabbs
... The infant’s communication system begins with nerve cells within the brain called neurons. Most neurons are created before birth with a peak production rate of 250,000 new cells per minute in mid-pregnancy. Some of these neurons are deep inside the brain and some are in the brain stem, which is the ...
... The infant’s communication system begins with nerve cells within the brain called neurons. Most neurons are created before birth with a peak production rate of 250,000 new cells per minute in mid-pregnancy. Some of these neurons are deep inside the brain and some are in the brain stem, which is the ...
Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for
... mechanisms responsible for brain plasticity and how they can be influenced to improve outcomes after brain injuries are areas of knowledge important for all neuroscience clinicians. MECHANISMS FOR PLASTICITY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Several mechanisms that involve neuronal plasticity stand out ...
... mechanisms responsible for brain plasticity and how they can be influenced to improve outcomes after brain injuries are areas of knowledge important for all neuroscience clinicians. MECHANISMS FOR PLASTICITY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Several mechanisms that involve neuronal plasticity stand out ...
Diversity in the Brain Sizes of Newborn Mammals
... unit body weight than do smaller animals, in part because larger animals have a much lower ratio of body surface area to body volume, and consequently they lose much less heat per unit body weight. Robert Martin (1981) was the first to recognize explicitly the implications of the fact that both neon ...
... unit body weight than do smaller animals, in part because larger animals have a much lower ratio of body surface area to body volume, and consequently they lose much less heat per unit body weight. Robert Martin (1981) was the first to recognize explicitly the implications of the fact that both neon ...
The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement
... ascending axons and axons descending from the brain stem and neocortex that innervate spinal interneurons and motor neurons. The ventral columns also include ascending and descending axons. The ascending somatic sensory axons in the lateral and ventral columns constitute parallel pathways that conve ...
... ascending axons and axons descending from the brain stem and neocortex that innervate spinal interneurons and motor neurons. The ventral columns also include ascending and descending axons. The ascending somatic sensory axons in the lateral and ventral columns constitute parallel pathways that conve ...
Morphomechanics: transforming tubes into organs
... actin intensity is highest on the basal side of the boundary region, suggesting that actomyosin contraction generates the constriction. The reasons for these differences between zebrafish and chicken are unclear, but Filas et al. [49] speculate that interspecies differences in early BT morphology de ...
... actin intensity is highest on the basal side of the boundary region, suggesting that actomyosin contraction generates the constriction. The reasons for these differences between zebrafish and chicken are unclear, but Filas et al. [49] speculate that interspecies differences in early BT morphology de ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.