Biological Bases of Bx Test
... 2. An axon is a. a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. b. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. c. an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body ...
... 2. An axon is a. a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. b. a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons. c. an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. d. the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... stimulate cortical activation reflected as fast EEG activity, and descending networks projecting to the spinal cord, which stimulate sensory-motor activation reflected as high EMG activity, (Figure 1). They reside within the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal forebrain. They utilize diverse ...
... stimulate cortical activation reflected as fast EEG activity, and descending networks projecting to the spinal cord, which stimulate sensory-motor activation reflected as high EMG activity, (Figure 1). They reside within the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal forebrain. They utilize diverse ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... We will sometimes use the term often used by neurobiologists, ‘‘higher order brain functions,’’ to refer collectively to cognitive behavior, extensive long-term memory and theoryof-mind-like behaviors in elephants. With the possible exception of tool use, various aspects of cognitive behavior are no ...
... We will sometimes use the term often used by neurobiologists, ‘‘higher order brain functions,’’ to refer collectively to cognitive behavior, extensive long-term memory and theoryof-mind-like behaviors in elephants. With the possible exception of tool use, various aspects of cognitive behavior are no ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... Abstract Mushroom bodies are central brain structures and essentially involved in insect olfactory learning. Within the mushroom bodies c-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive feedback neurons are the most prominent neuron group. The plasticity of inhibitory neural activity within the mushroom bod ...
... Abstract Mushroom bodies are central brain structures and essentially involved in insect olfactory learning. Within the mushroom bodies c-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive feedback neurons are the most prominent neuron group. The plasticity of inhibitory neural activity within the mushroom bod ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... The access to molecular-genetic tools and the ability to reliably identify specific neurons across multiple individuals makes the Drosophila brain a powerful model system for dissecting neuronal function and development (Jefferis et al., 2001; Urbach and Technau, 2004; Yu et al., 2009). The nervous ...
... The access to molecular-genetic tools and the ability to reliably identify specific neurons across multiple individuals makes the Drosophila brain a powerful model system for dissecting neuronal function and development (Jefferis et al., 2001; Urbach and Technau, 2004; Yu et al., 2009). The nervous ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... A series of findings over the past decade has begun to identify the brain circuitry and neurotransmitters that regulate our daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. The latter depends on a network of cell groups that activate the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. A key switch in the hypothalamus shuts ...
... A series of findings over the past decade has begun to identify the brain circuitry and neurotransmitters that regulate our daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. The latter depends on a network of cell groups that activate the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. A key switch in the hypothalamus shuts ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... M10) with R7, R8, and the monopolar L1–L5 neurons of the lamina specifically terminating in one or a few of the distal (relative to brain) M1–M6 strata (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001; Morante and Desplan, 2004; Takemura et al., 2008). R7 and R8 neurons terminate in M6 a ...
... M10) with R7, R8, and the monopolar L1–L5 neurons of the lamina specifically terminating in one or a few of the distal (relative to brain) M1–M6 strata (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001; Morante and Desplan, 2004; Takemura et al., 2008). R7 and R8 neurons terminate in M6 a ...
PDF - Journal of the American Heart Association
... States.1 Although survival rates are improving, many survivors have neurologic sequelae, resulting in a major burden for patients, families, and society.2 The brain is particularly susceptible to ischemic injury because of its high metabolic energy demand and limited intrinsic energy supply. Alterat ...
... States.1 Although survival rates are improving, many survivors have neurologic sequelae, resulting in a major burden for patients, families, and society.2 The brain is particularly susceptible to ischemic injury because of its high metabolic energy demand and limited intrinsic energy supply. Alterat ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... remarkable array of new insights into the patterns of brain diversity. Now that tracer techniques have filled this crucial gap in information about basic neural functional anatomy, these data can be integrated with data from physiological and quantitative studies to provide all the pieces of evidenc ...
... remarkable array of new insights into the patterns of brain diversity. Now that tracer techniques have filled this crucial gap in information about basic neural functional anatomy, these data can be integrated with data from physiological and quantitative studies to provide all the pieces of evidenc ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons; the neurotransmitter of the other Fos ⫹ population remains unknown. The Cun nucleus did not contain cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, or glycinergic neurons. On the basis of neuronal activation during AS-carbachol, as indicated by c-fos expr ...
... NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-containing neurons; the neurotransmitter of the other Fos ⫹ population remains unknown. The Cun nucleus did not contain cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, or glycinergic neurons. On the basis of neuronal activation during AS-carbachol, as indicated by c-fos expr ...
Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... movement. The frequency of complex spikes in Purkinje cells is rarely more than 1-3 per second. Such low frequencies cannot by themselves carry substantial information about the magnitude of natural stimuli or behavior. What could be encoded by the complex spikes? One possibility is that complex spi ...
... movement. The frequency of complex spikes in Purkinje cells is rarely more than 1-3 per second. Such low frequencies cannot by themselves carry substantial information about the magnitude of natural stimuli or behavior. What could be encoded by the complex spikes? One possibility is that complex spi ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... ribosomes, and microtubules. The labeled dendrites were most often postsynaptic to 1 unlabeled terminal seen in a single plane of section (Fig. 2A). The unlabeled terminals measured 0.4-1.2 pm, contained mitochondria and numerous flattened or oval s&s, and appeared to form primarily asymmetric densi ...
... ribosomes, and microtubules. The labeled dendrites were most often postsynaptic to 1 unlabeled terminal seen in a single plane of section (Fig. 2A). The unlabeled terminals measured 0.4-1.2 pm, contained mitochondria and numerous flattened or oval s&s, and appeared to form primarily asymmetric densi ...
LESSON 2.3 WORKBOOK How fast do our neurons signal?
... will find out, and to do so we need to learn about the other important type of cell in our nervous systems – the glial cell. ...
... will find out, and to do so we need to learn about the other important type of cell in our nervous systems – the glial cell. ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... spinal cord, these axons ascend within a specific posterior funiculus, either the fasciculus cuneatus (kū ń ē-ā-tu ̆s; cuneus = wedge) or the fasciculus gracilis (gras ́i-lis). The fasciculus cuneatus houses axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and pos ...
... spinal cord, these axons ascend within a specific posterior funiculus, either the fasciculus cuneatus (kū ń ē-ā-tu ̆s; cuneus = wedge) or the fasciculus gracilis (gras ́i-lis). The fasciculus cuneatus houses axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and pos ...
CORTICAL AFFERENT INPUT TO THE PRINCIPALS REGION OF THE RHESUS MONKEY H.
... relative proportion of labeled cells in visual, auditory, somatosensory, premotor and limbic cortical areas projecting to each site. The only site with a significant proportion of projections from visual association areas was the ventral bank of the caudal principalis region (Fig. IB, Z), whereas th ...
... relative proportion of labeled cells in visual, auditory, somatosensory, premotor and limbic cortical areas projecting to each site. The only site with a significant proportion of projections from visual association areas was the ventral bank of the caudal principalis region (Fig. IB, Z), whereas th ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... Daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes called circadian rhythms; some are passive responses to changes in illumination, while others are controlled by mechanisms within the organism ► 24 hour period for plants and animals ► Zeitgeber – a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that reset ...
... Daily rhythms in behavior and physiological processes called circadian rhythms; some are passive responses to changes in illumination, while others are controlled by mechanisms within the organism ► 24 hour period for plants and animals ► Zeitgeber – a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that reset ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... Uwe Jürgens ∗ , Steffen R. Hage Department of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Received 25 August 2006; received in revised form 15 November 2006; accepted 16 November 2006 ...
... Uwe Jürgens ∗ , Steffen R. Hage Department of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Received 25 August 2006; received in revised form 15 November 2006; accepted 16 November 2006 ...
Neurons of human nucleus accumbens
... consist of 2–6 primary dendrites, different thickness, with dense spines on secondary and third dendrite branches 14–17. We compared the morphology of rat nucleus accumbens neurons and its projection to the substantia nigra, examined by Meredith et al. 6, with our results. Their findings were differ ...
... consist of 2–6 primary dendrites, different thickness, with dense spines on secondary and third dendrite branches 14–17. We compared the morphology of rat nucleus accumbens neurons and its projection to the substantia nigra, examined by Meredith et al. 6, with our results. Their findings were differ ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... and challenging and inspiring for the international master student like me. The skill and academic knowledge I got at this university is the valuable asset in my future career ...
... and challenging and inspiring for the international master student like me. The skill and academic knowledge I got at this university is the valuable asset in my future career ...
Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH
... body is narrowly attenuated (7–10 μm in width). These have bipolar dendrites, extending 300–800 μm from the cell body. One or both of the dendrites is often closely associated with blood vessels and tends to be aligned dorso-ventral, perpendicular to the body of the callosum. Another subpopulation o ...
... body is narrowly attenuated (7–10 μm in width). These have bipolar dendrites, extending 300–800 μm from the cell body. One or both of the dendrites is often closely associated with blood vessels and tends to be aligned dorso-ventral, perpendicular to the body of the callosum. Another subpopulation o ...
Ch_16_lecture_presentation
... the subarachnoid space, and the pia mater. Note the relationship between the cerebral vein and the subarachnoid space. ...
... the subarachnoid space, and the pia mater. Note the relationship between the cerebral vein and the subarachnoid space. ...
The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... the hypothalamus responded to changes in the extracellular glucose in vitro. On applying this finding, studies have shown that neurons in the lateral hypothalamus exhibited heterogeneous responses to changes in plasma glucose. Type 1 neurons exhibited maximal activity when exposed to a plasma glucos ...
... the hypothalamus responded to changes in the extracellular glucose in vitro. On applying this finding, studies have shown that neurons in the lateral hypothalamus exhibited heterogeneous responses to changes in plasma glucose. Type 1 neurons exhibited maximal activity when exposed to a plasma glucos ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... 80 g) was twice occluded with a Heifetz aneurismal clip for 10 minutes each time, with a 5-hour interval between the 2 occlusions, anesthesia was discontinued immediately after each cervical surgery, the animals soon became awake and moved spontaneously. Ischemia-positive animals registering ⬎13 poi ...
... 80 g) was twice occluded with a Heifetz aneurismal clip for 10 minutes each time, with a 5-hour interval between the 2 occlusions, anesthesia was discontinued immediately after each cervical surgery, the animals soon became awake and moved spontaneously. Ischemia-positive animals registering ⬎13 poi ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... et al., 2013) as an area for control, and were quite successful; however, a noted limitation was that movements produced using these systems were slower and somewhat inflexible (Hochberg et al., 2012) when compared to natural reaching movements. Thus, the ability to use a goal-tuned unit in posterio ...
... et al., 2013) as an area for control, and were quite successful; however, a noted limitation was that movements produced using these systems were slower and somewhat inflexible (Hochberg et al., 2012) when compared to natural reaching movements. Thus, the ability to use a goal-tuned unit in posterio ...
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... The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 ...
... The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.