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The Magnetic Field
The Magnetic Field

... • The origin of magnetism lies in moving electric charges. Moving (or rotating) charges generate magnetic fields in the surrounding space in addition to its electric field. • An electric current generates a magnetic field. • A magnetic field will exert a force on a moving charge that is present i ...
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... Free electron laser can be used are in spectroscopy thus have applications in scientific fields such as medicine, chemistry, condensed matter and biology [1]. Thus the Brazilian Center for Physics Research (CBPF) proposed a construction project of a Free Electron Laser (FEL) using the components of ...
Physics of Magnetism - University of Oxford
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... remanent magnetization. The magnetization does not exhibit a linear relationship with the applied field and for a given ferromagnetic material and temperature there is maximum magnetization, known as the saturation magnetization (Js), beyond which an increased applied field will not increase the ind ...
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... Most superconducting magnets have their coils of superconductive wire immersed in liquid helium, inside a vessel called a Cryostat. Despite thermal insulation, ambient heat causes the helium to slowly boil off. Such magnets, therefore, require regular topping-up with helium. Generally, a Cryocooler, ...
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... a rectangular region of space. This field is directed perpendicularly away from us. Outside this region there is no magnetic field. A copper ring, perpendicular to the direction of the field, slides through the region. The ring is completely outside the region, partway through, completely inside, pa ...
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Ferrofluid



A ferrofluid (portmanteau of ferromagnetic and fluid) is a liquid that becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.Ferrofluid was invented in 1963 by NASA's Steve Papell as a liquid rocket fuel that could be drawn toward a pump inlet in a weightless environment by applying a magnetic field.Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids made of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each tiny particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of nanoparticles is weak enough that the surfactant's Van der Waals force is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or agglomeration. Ferrofluids usually do not retain magnetization in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as ""superparamagnets"" rather than ferromagnets.The difference between ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) is the size of the particles. The particles in a ferrofluid primarily consist of nanoparticles which are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. MR fluid particles primarily consist of micrometre-scale particles which are too heavy for Brownian motion to keep them suspended, and thus will settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particle and its carrier fluid. These two fluids have very different applications as a result.
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