Fine structure of the hydrogen atom
... it is necessary to subject them to external forces or to allow them to interact with each other. The hydrogen atom which is the union of the first known elementary particles: electron and proton, has been studied for many years and its spectrum has taught us much about the electron. In 1885, Balmer ...
... it is necessary to subject them to external forces or to allow them to interact with each other. The hydrogen atom which is the union of the first known elementary particles: electron and proton, has been studied for many years and its spectrum has taught us much about the electron. In 1885, Balmer ...
COLD ATOMS AND CREATION OF NEW STATES OF MATTER: BOSE-
... atoms in a '4D' magnetic trap. We show the dynamic formation of a condensate as evaporative cooling proceeds. We also present a series of trap-release pictures clearly showing the distinctly different modes of expansion of condensate and thermal cloud. We further give two examples of wave guides for ...
... atoms in a '4D' magnetic trap. We show the dynamic formation of a condensate as evaporative cooling proceeds. We also present a series of trap-release pictures clearly showing the distinctly different modes of expansion of condensate and thermal cloud. We further give two examples of wave guides for ...
Chapter 3
... – Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart. – Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic chart. ...
... – Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart. – Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic chart. ...
Ch 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
... The oxidation state of a monatomic ions is the same as its charge Fluorine is always -1 , oxygen is almost always -2 (exceptions— peroxides where it is -1 , or OF 2 where it is +2) Hydrogen is almost always +1; metal hydrides are an exception, where it is -1 (in these situations, hydrogen is p ...
... The oxidation state of a monatomic ions is the same as its charge Fluorine is always -1 , oxygen is almost always -2 (exceptions— peroxides where it is -1 , or OF 2 where it is +2) Hydrogen is almost always +1; metal hydrides are an exception, where it is -1 (in these situations, hydrogen is p ...
Chapter 11 Coordination Chemistry III: Electronic Spectra
... The spin multiplicity is the same as the # of microstates. Each terms has different energies; they represent three states with different degrees of electron-electron interactions. Which term has the lowest energy. This can be done by using two of Hund’s rules. 1. The ground term (term of lowest ener ...
... The spin multiplicity is the same as the # of microstates. Each terms has different energies; they represent three states with different degrees of electron-electron interactions. Which term has the lowest energy. This can be done by using two of Hund’s rules. 1. The ground term (term of lowest ener ...
Answers to examination questions
... Paper 1 IB questions and IB style questions Q1 A Magnesium is a metal; chlorine is a non-metal. Typically, a metal and a non-metal react to form an ionic compound. Q2 A All four molecules are based upon a tetrahedral arrangement of four regions of high electron density. However, lone pairs c ...
... Paper 1 IB questions and IB style questions Q1 A Magnesium is a metal; chlorine is a non-metal. Typically, a metal and a non-metal react to form an ionic compound. Q2 A All four molecules are based upon a tetrahedral arrangement of four regions of high electron density. However, lone pairs c ...
9.1-10.5 Organic Chemistry
... Remember Lewis Dot Diagrams from Chem 20?? This means carbon can bond extensively and can bond together to form chains effectively = called Polymerism Carbon covalently bonds by sharing 4 pairs of electrons. These bonds may be single, double or triple, all producing stable compounds Compound ...
... Remember Lewis Dot Diagrams from Chem 20?? This means carbon can bond extensively and can bond together to form chains effectively = called Polymerism Carbon covalently bonds by sharing 4 pairs of electrons. These bonds may be single, double or triple, all producing stable compounds Compound ...
Atomic Structure
... Unpaired Spins The condensed notation we have used above does not show the individual orbitals. According to Hund’s rule there should be unpaired electrons in some of the elements. These unpaired electrons result in diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Paramagnetic substances are those that contain unpai ...
... Unpaired Spins The condensed notation we have used above does not show the individual orbitals. According to Hund’s rule there should be unpaired electrons in some of the elements. These unpaired electrons result in diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Paramagnetic substances are those that contain unpai ...
mark scheme - A-Level Chemistry
... Lone pair / both electrons/ 2 electrons on N(HF2) donated (to BF3) Direction of donation needed here ...
... Lone pair / both electrons/ 2 electrons on N(HF2) donated (to BF3) Direction of donation needed here ...
AP Chemistry Summer Packet ANSWERS
... b. A colorless, crystalline solid is decomposed, yielding a pale yellow-green gas and a soft, shiny metal. c. A cup of tea becomes sweeter as sugar is added to it. a. physical, mixture b. chemical, compound c. physical, mixture CHAPTER 2 1. Describe Dalton’s atomic theory. All matter is made up of a ...
... b. A colorless, crystalline solid is decomposed, yielding a pale yellow-green gas and a soft, shiny metal. c. A cup of tea becomes sweeter as sugar is added to it. a. physical, mixture b. chemical, compound c. physical, mixture CHAPTER 2 1. Describe Dalton’s atomic theory. All matter is made up of a ...
2007 - Thompson Rivers University
... The contest consists of 25 multiple choice questions. You have 60 minutes to complete the test. All questions are of equal value, there is no particular order to the questions and there is no penalty for incorrect answers. Please answer on the Scantron Answer Sheet. In the top right hand corner of t ...
... The contest consists of 25 multiple choice questions. You have 60 minutes to complete the test. All questions are of equal value, there is no particular order to the questions and there is no penalty for incorrect answers. Please answer on the Scantron Answer Sheet. In the top right hand corner of t ...
Slide 1
... nonmetals are negatively charged ions • for many main group metals, the charge = the group number • for nonmetals, the charge = the group ...
... nonmetals are negatively charged ions • for many main group metals, the charge = the group number • for nonmetals, the charge = the group ...
spectroscopy of autoionization resonances in spectra of barium: new
... number of the useful spectral information about light and not heavy atomic systems, but in fact it provides only qualitative description of spectra of the heavy and superheavy ions. Second, the PXOWLFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ'LUDF)RFN 0&') PHWKRG is the most reliable version of calculation for multielectron ...
... number of the useful spectral information about light and not heavy atomic systems, but in fact it provides only qualitative description of spectra of the heavy and superheavy ions. Second, the PXOWLFRQ¿JXUDWLRQ'LUDF)RFN 0&') PHWKRG is the most reliable version of calculation for multielectron ...
chemical bonding i: basic concepts
... atoms and molecules. Yet the shape of a molecule—that is, the arrangement of its atoms in space—often defines its chemistry. If water had a different shape, its properties would be significantly different, and life as we know it would not be possible. In this chapter, we will describe the interactio ...
... atoms and molecules. Yet the shape of a molecule—that is, the arrangement of its atoms in space—often defines its chemistry. If water had a different shape, its properties would be significantly different, and life as we know it would not be possible. In this chapter, we will describe the interactio ...
Chapter 4 Nomenclature and Chemical Equations
... In ionic compounds, there are both cations and anions. The ions can be either monatomic or polyatomic. Monatomic cations can be divided into two categories. One category includes cations that are unique to their elements. For example, a hydrogen atom always forms a hydro ...
... In ionic compounds, there are both cations and anions. The ions can be either monatomic or polyatomic. Monatomic cations can be divided into two categories. One category includes cations that are unique to their elements. For example, a hydrogen atom always forms a hydro ...
9.1-10.5 Organic Chemistry
... Remember Lewis Dot Diagrams from Chem 20?? This means carbon can bond extensively and can bond together to form chains effectively = called Polymerism Carbon covalently bonds by sharing 4 pairs of electrons. These bonds may be single, double or triple, all producing stable compounds Compound ...
... Remember Lewis Dot Diagrams from Chem 20?? This means carbon can bond extensively and can bond together to form chains effectively = called Polymerism Carbon covalently bonds by sharing 4 pairs of electrons. These bonds may be single, double or triple, all producing stable compounds Compound ...
Atomic
... these atoms, seemingly without any of the complications and metaphysical speculations associated with the uncertainty principle. Moreover, the equation could also be applied to more complicated atoms, and even to particles not bound in atoms at all. It was soon found that in every case, Schrödinger' ...
... these atoms, seemingly without any of the complications and metaphysical speculations associated with the uncertainty principle. Moreover, the equation could also be applied to more complicated atoms, and even to particles not bound in atoms at all. It was soon found that in every case, Schrödinger' ...
Chemistry Revision Guide - Mr Cartlidge`s Science Blog
... four valence electrons so needs four more to complete its outer shell, oxygen needs two more. Thus each carbon will react with two oxygens, sharing two electrons with each one. A bond involving two shared pairs is a double bond. O ...
... four valence electrons so needs four more to complete its outer shell, oxygen needs two more. Thus each carbon will react with two oxygens, sharing two electrons with each one. A bond involving two shared pairs is a double bond. O ...
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are ""strong bonds"" such as covalent or ionic bonds and ""weak bonds"" such as Dipole-dipole interaction, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. An electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them, and the nuclei will be attracted toward electrons in this position. This attraction constitutes the chemical bond. Due to the matter wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they must occupy a much larger amount of volume compared with the nuclei, and this volume occupied by the electrons keeps the atomic nuclei relatively far apart, as compared with the size of the nuclei themselves. This phenomenon limits the distance between nuclei and atoms in a bond.In general, strong chemical bonding is associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases—indeed most of the physical environment around us—are held together by chemical bonds, which dictate the structure and the bulk properties of matter.All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplification rules allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds. The octet rule and VSEPR theory are two examples. More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory which includes orbital hybridization and resonance, and the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method which includes ligand field theory. Electrostatics are used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances.