AP Chemistry Second Semester Notes
... 1. electrons fill from low to high energy (same for all atoms) b. transition metal ions a. n: 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 1. transition metal lose s electrons first b. l: s < p < next energy level < d < f 2. may lose d electrons if it eliminates sublevel c. ml and ms: equal energy = degenerate or redu ...
... 1. electrons fill from low to high energy (same for all atoms) b. transition metal ions a. n: 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 1. transition metal lose s electrons first b. l: s < p < next energy level < d < f 2. may lose d electrons if it eliminates sublevel c. ml and ms: equal energy = degenerate or redu ...
Chemistry II Aqueous Reactions and Solution Chemistry Chapter 4
... are substances that ionize in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Because hydrogen ions are just a proton, acids are known as proton ...
... are substances that ionize in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Because hydrogen ions are just a proton, acids are known as proton ...
Enthalpy
... The value of a state function does not depend on the particular history of the sample, only its present condition. The change in the state function depends only on the initial and final states of the system, not how the change occurs. Can use an “energy diagram”. ...
... The value of a state function does not depend on the particular history of the sample, only its present condition. The change in the state function depends only on the initial and final states of the system, not how the change occurs. Can use an “energy diagram”. ...
Answers to Homework Problem Sheet 8
... The temperature change, ΔT = (31.1 °C – 24.6 °C) = 6.7 K. The heat capacity of water is 4.184 J K-1 g-1. The heat change is therefore: q = c × m × ΔT = (4.184 J K-1 g-1) × (199 g) × (6.7 K) = 5600 J or 5.6 kJ (heat released) The number of moles of H+ and OH- present are both the same: number of mole ...
... The temperature change, ΔT = (31.1 °C – 24.6 °C) = 6.7 K. The heat capacity of water is 4.184 J K-1 g-1. The heat change is therefore: q = c × m × ΔT = (4.184 J K-1 g-1) × (199 g) × (6.7 K) = 5600 J or 5.6 kJ (heat released) The number of moles of H+ and OH- present are both the same: number of mole ...
Chemistry Notes for the Whole Year Powerpoint
... electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron shell. This means that all atoms, in a Lewis structure, must have eight valence electrons around them (they can be either bonded or lone pair electrons). • Hydrogen and helium are exceptions to the octet rule. There is one more element ...
... electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron shell. This means that all atoms, in a Lewis structure, must have eight valence electrons around them (they can be either bonded or lone pair electrons). • Hydrogen and helium are exceptions to the octet rule. There is one more element ...
Final Exam Review
... c. Definite volume; shape of container; no intermolecular attractions d. Volume and shape of container; no intermolecular attractions e. Volume and shape of container; strong intermolecular attractions 102. Which transformation is evaporation? a. liquid ---> solid d. solid ---> gas b. liquid ---> ga ...
... c. Definite volume; shape of container; no intermolecular attractions d. Volume and shape of container; no intermolecular attractions e. Volume and shape of container; strong intermolecular attractions 102. Which transformation is evaporation? a. liquid ---> solid d. solid ---> gas b. liquid ---> ga ...
BIOL 157 * BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 6
... Rotation of plane polarized light using a polarimeter • When sucrose is hydrolysed by an acid or enzyme to form an invert sugar, the rate of inversion can be monitored by measuring the change in optical rotation of the sucrose solution in given time intervals. Measurement of radioactivity • In radi ...
... Rotation of plane polarized light using a polarimeter • When sucrose is hydrolysed by an acid or enzyme to form an invert sugar, the rate of inversion can be monitored by measuring the change in optical rotation of the sucrose solution in given time intervals. Measurement of radioactivity • In radi ...
Chemistry II Exams and Keys 2013 Season
... the reaction is terminated, the mass of unreacted copper remaining is A. 9.35 g ...
... the reaction is terminated, the mass of unreacted copper remaining is A. 9.35 g ...
Chapter 6 - Foothill College
... ∆Hrxn therefore depends on the amount of reaction, and is an EXTENSIVE property. If you multiply the coefficients of a balanced equation by a constant, ∆Hrxn is multiplied by the same constant. ...
... ∆Hrxn therefore depends on the amount of reaction, and is an EXTENSIVE property. If you multiply the coefficients of a balanced equation by a constant, ∆Hrxn is multiplied by the same constant. ...
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes may occur.The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms.Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight).Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell.The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory.