SYNOPSIS OF CHEMISTRY
... 3. Acid-base reactions à la Brønsted. Conjugate pairs. 4. Autoprotolysis. Ampholytes. 5. Lewis acids and bases.Protons and electron-pairs. Acid-base reactions without protons. 6. Dissociation of water. Ion product of water. 7. pH. pH scale. pH indicators. Тitration. 8. Oxidation-reduction reaction. ...
... 3. Acid-base reactions à la Brønsted. Conjugate pairs. 4. Autoprotolysis. Ampholytes. 5. Lewis acids and bases.Protons and electron-pairs. Acid-base reactions without protons. 6. Dissociation of water. Ion product of water. 7. pH. pH scale. pH indicators. Тitration. 8. Oxidation-reduction reaction. ...
Chapter 20 – The Representative Elements
... Elements of Group 5A overwhelmingly form covalent compounds. Whereas nitrogen can form a maximum of four covalent bonds, other elements in the group can form more than four covalent bonds by utilizing one or more of the nd orbitals. Nitrogen and phosphorus form simple anion with “-3” charge when rea ...
... Elements of Group 5A overwhelmingly form covalent compounds. Whereas nitrogen can form a maximum of four covalent bonds, other elements in the group can form more than four covalent bonds by utilizing one or more of the nd orbitals. Nitrogen and phosphorus form simple anion with “-3” charge when rea ...
Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
... the ions that each contains. We then correlate these charged ionic species with the ones shown in the diagram. Solve: The diagram shows twice as many cations as anions, consistent with the formulation K 2SO4. Aqueous Check: Notice that the total net charge in the diagram is zero, as it must be if it ...
... the ions that each contains. We then correlate these charged ionic species with the ones shown in the diagram. Solve: The diagram shows twice as many cations as anions, consistent with the formulation K 2SO4. Aqueous Check: Notice that the total net charge in the diagram is zero, as it must be if it ...
Subject Area Assessment Guides
... The volume of the hydrogen nucleus is about one trillion times less than the volume of the hydrogen atom, yet the nucleus contains almost all the mass in the form of one proton. The diameter of an atom of any one of the elements is about 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than the diameter of the nucle ...
... The volume of the hydrogen nucleus is about one trillion times less than the volume of the hydrogen atom, yet the nucleus contains almost all the mass in the form of one proton. The diameter of an atom of any one of the elements is about 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than the diameter of the nucle ...
Chemical Kinetics
... initial rate. 2. The order (exponent) must be determined experimentally, can’t be obtained from the equation ...
... initial rate. 2. The order (exponent) must be determined experimentally, can’t be obtained from the equation ...
Chemical Equilibrium
... • The equilibrium constant (K) is the ratio of the mathematical product of the concentrations of substances formed at equilibrium to the mathematical product of the concentrations of reacting substances. Each concentration is raised to a power equal to the coefficient of that substance in the chemic ...
... • The equilibrium constant (K) is the ratio of the mathematical product of the concentrations of substances formed at equilibrium to the mathematical product of the concentrations of reacting substances. Each concentration is raised to a power equal to the coefficient of that substance in the chemic ...
1 - Study Hungary
... 20 protons, 19 neutrons, 19 electrons 19 protons, 20 neutrons, 18 electrons 39 protons, 19 neutrons, 38 electrons 20 protons, 19 neutrons, 20 electrons 40 protons, 20 neutrons, 19 electrons ...
... 20 protons, 19 neutrons, 19 electrons 19 protons, 20 neutrons, 18 electrons 39 protons, 19 neutrons, 38 electrons 20 protons, 19 neutrons, 20 electrons 40 protons, 20 neutrons, 19 electrons ...
General Chemistry I - University of Toledo
... An introduction to atomic structure, chemical bonding, kinetic-molecular theory, energy relationships and structural concepts. This sequence is for students who major in science, engineering or other fields which require chemistry as a prerequisite subject. Three hours lecture and one hour discussio ...
... An introduction to atomic structure, chemical bonding, kinetic-molecular theory, energy relationships and structural concepts. This sequence is for students who major in science, engineering or other fields which require chemistry as a prerequisite subject. Three hours lecture and one hour discussio ...
Heat
... 1.000 atm, and the initial volume occupied by the gas is 2.000 L. 8000. J of heat is added to the gas under conditions of constant applied pressure. The final volume occupied by the gas is 6.000 L. What are q, w, and U for the process? From the first law, U = q + w. Heat is added to the system, so ...
... 1.000 atm, and the initial volume occupied by the gas is 2.000 L. 8000. J of heat is added to the gas under conditions of constant applied pressure. The final volume occupied by the gas is 6.000 L. What are q, w, and U for the process? From the first law, U = q + w. Heat is added to the system, so ...
Indian National Chemistry Olympiad Theory 2014
... Hydrogen is a renewable source of energy and considered as a fuel of the future. One of the problems of its use is storage and transportation. Research has shown that several metal hydrides act as ‘hydrogen tanks’. Large quantities of hydrogen can be absorbed on them and desorbed when needed through ...
... Hydrogen is a renewable source of energy and considered as a fuel of the future. One of the problems of its use is storage and transportation. Research has shown that several metal hydrides act as ‘hydrogen tanks’. Large quantities of hydrogen can be absorbed on them and desorbed when needed through ...
KEY
... reach a new equilibrium. Here, the number of moles of gaseous reactants is greater than the number of moles of products. Increasing the pressure of the above system will result in the reaction proceeding to reduce that pressure increase. The system will shift to the right (the side that has fewer mo ...
... reach a new equilibrium. Here, the number of moles of gaseous reactants is greater than the number of moles of products. Increasing the pressure of the above system will result in the reaction proceeding to reduce that pressure increase. The system will shift to the right (the side that has fewer mo ...
Unit 8: Reactions - Mark Rosengarten
... Driving Force: The “motivation” of a reaction to occur: In nature, changes that require the least amount of energy will be the ones that happen. After all, when you let go of a bowling ball, it falls down. The motivation is gravity. It would take more energy to make the ball go up than down, so the ...
... Driving Force: The “motivation” of a reaction to occur: In nature, changes that require the least amount of energy will be the ones that happen. After all, when you let go of a bowling ball, it falls down. The motivation is gravity. It would take more energy to make the ball go up than down, so the ...
Revised Higher 2014 Paper
... (ii) A student wanted to calculate the enthalpy change when 1 gram of sherbet is added to a small beaker of water. State the measurements the student should make. ...
... (ii) A student wanted to calculate the enthalpy change when 1 gram of sherbet is added to a small beaker of water. State the measurements the student should make. ...
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes may occur.The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms.Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight).Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell.The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory.