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Causes of cancer
Causes of cancer

... formation 1. have a very broad range of structures with no obvious unifying features 2. are genotoxic and can be classified into two broad categories based on their action mechanisms: a. Direct-acting carcinogens - react with nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in DNA example: ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) ...
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... • Measure the DNA concentration – Use the Nano-drop spectrophotometer to measure the concentration of DNA, this is used to determine the amount of HinfI restriction enzyme to be used. Digestion of DNA • Mix the following components in a clean microtube. • Mix gently and spin down for a few seconds. ...
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... Sequence traces. The new Methylation Detection function of Mutation Surveyor is the first software to automate the analysis of DNA sequence traces containing chemical modifications of DNA that can be inherited without changing the DNA sequence. The analysis of DNA Methylation is a rapidly growing ar ...
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... Alternatively, the geneticist could give up on the RFLP approach and try to identify one or more sequencetagged sites that are in the vicinity of the pesticide-resistance gene. In this case, the geneticist would want to identify STSs that are also microsatellites. As described in Figure 20.12, the t ...
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Microbial Genetics

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Molecular cloning



Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as ""clones"". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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