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Supplemental Material
Supplemental Material

... primers FrzG-C-1 and wspR-6, which flank the non-coding region between wspF and wspR. Primers wspR-1 and wspR-5, which lie within wspR, were used as controls to confirm transcription of wspR and accuracy of the RT-PCR. The location and orientation of primers are marked as arrows. The expected PCR pr ...
Silke Alt
Silke Alt

... Aminocoumarin antibiotics like clorobiocin and novobiocin produced by different Streptomyces strains are potent inhibitors of DNA gyrase. Although novobiocin has been licensed for clinical use in human infections with Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains ...
Synthetic Biology - Equinox Graphics
Synthetic Biology - Equinox Graphics

... enhance and extend the functioning of organisms. In nature, for example, in the genetic codes of all life forms– limiting the varieties of proteins that can be assembled from them, possibly limiting the function of the entire organism. In November 2007, however, scientists led by Jason Chin, of the ...
Student Genetic recombination
Student Genetic recombination

... be used to donate DNA for the analysis, is called the donor organism. The basic procedure is to extract and cut up DNA from a donor genome into fragments containing from one to several genes and allow these fragments to insert themselves individually into opened-up small autonomously replicating DNA ...
Exam 2 Review - Iowa State University
Exam 2 Review - Iowa State University

... c) the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site. Which is an example of how metabolic pathways are regulated? a) gene regulation. b) biochemical regulation. c) cellular regulation. d) feedback inhibition. e) all the above. According to the second law of thermodynamics, wh ...
RNA-Seq - iPlant Pods
RNA-Seq - iPlant Pods

... Fertility phenotypes show low heritability, and semen analysis parameters cannot determine fertility status. Molecular biomarkers can increase efficiency of artificial insemination and embryo transfer in goats. Goal is to identify genes important for normal testes development and function ...
Sequencing the Human Genome
Sequencing the Human Genome

... 1988: NAS report appears, stressing multidisciplinary participation of labs across the country. The House Energy and Commerce Committee decides that the government should fund such an effort. 1990: Joint public effort launched, at an estimated cost of $3 billion, by the International Human Genome Map ...
DNA fingerprinting Genes and DNA
DNA fingerprinting Genes and DNA

... • Retroviruses such as HIV use this method of transposition. • RNA is reverse transcribed into double stranded cDNA. • The cDNA is then inserted into a target DNA sequence ...
Modeling Protein synthesis lab
Modeling Protein synthesis lab

... corresponding amino acids. Another type of RNA called trarrsfer RNA (IRNA) is needed to bring the mRNA and amino acids together. As the code carried by mRNA is "read" on a ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive in tum and give up the amino acids they carry to the growing polypeptide chain. The process by ...
KS4 - Contemporary Science Issues | Home
KS4 - Contemporary Science Issues | Home

... discover the structure of many compounds. In 1951, she was asked to work at Kings College, London, with a team lead by J. T. Randall and Maurice Wilkins. The team were trying to determine the structure DNA. The elements that make up DNA were well known by this time, but in order to understand how th ...
Exam I Cell and Molecular Biology September 26, 2007 This exam
Exam I Cell and Molecular Biology September 26, 2007 This exam

... into a series of collection tubes. These fractions were assayed for RNA content by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm, a wavelength at which RNA absorbs quite strongly (the bulk of the RNA in these preparations is rRNA). Results of such an analysis, called a shift assay, are shown below. Translation ...
Chapter 2 nucleic acid
Chapter 2 nucleic acid

... Histones interact ionically with the anionic phosphate groups in the DNA backbone to form nucleosomes, structures in which the DNA double helix is wound around a protein “core” composed of pairs of four different histone polypeptides. ...
document
document

... 2. Cut plasmid DNA and DNA of the gene to be inserted with same restriction enzyme 3. Paste 2 pieces of DNA using DNA ligase to create a recombinant plasmid. 4. Add recombinant plasmid to bacterial culture, where some are taken up and replicate (called transformation) 5. Isolate and analyse bacteria ...
Restriction Enzymes
Restriction Enzymes

... several different methods all involving perturbing the bacterial membrane: Tbl 6.1 ...
• - cloudfront.net
• - cloudfront.net

... 10. What type of organisms are found at the bottom of an ecological pyramid? At the top? 11. How is carbon stored in the biosphere? 12. How do the movements of energy and nutrients through living systems differ? 13. What is an abiotic factor? What is a biotic factor? What are some examples of each? ...
PDF (black and white)
PDF (black and white)

... cross-​pol​linated true-b​reeding plants to carry out his experi​ment. What were Mendel's two experi​ments? In his first experi​ment, Mendel studied 7 charac​ter​istics. He performed crosses ...
BIOL 241 Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression I. Genes (Overview) A
BIOL 241 Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression I. Genes (Overview) A

... 1. come together in cytoplasm at protein-synthesis time 2. mRNA binds to small subunit via its leader sequence 3. small subunit binds to large 4. large subunit has enzymes for amino acid linkage C. Chaperonins 1. prevents premature folding of protein 2. may “escort” protein to destination VIII. Post ...
الشريحة 1
الشريحة 1

... introduce a small number of mutations in the amplified DNA product. Mutations introduced can be controlled by the use of low nucleotide concentrations. Various undesired amplification products such as short DNA fragments are also synthesized. For best results in subsequent steps such as ligation in ...
D - Cloudfront.net
D - Cloudfront.net

... a. Deformed bone and skin cells will appear b. The pH of the bloodstream will change slightly c. The number of viruses will increase dramatically d. Body cells will temporarily stop undergoing mitosis ...
Build Your DNA and Eat It Too
Build Your DNA and Eat It Too

... 1. Students will be able to describe the structure of the DNA molecule. 2. Students will be able to explain the rules of base pairing. 3. Students will understand that information is stored within the DNA molecule in the form of a sequence of chemical bases, each referred to by the first letter of it ...
Chapter 20: Biotechnology
Chapter 20: Biotechnology

... • Gene expression can also be silenced using RNA interference (RNAi) • Synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene are used to break down or block the gene’s mRNA ...
040510_DNAreplication_transcription
040510_DNAreplication_transcription

... - Along each template DNA strand, leading and lagging strands can be observed. - The names were suggested based on synthesis at any given region. - At any particular point in the DNA strand, if there is a leading strand, the complementary strand will have lagging strand. ...
Summary - EUR RePub
Summary - EUR RePub

... transcription. One component acts in cis and requires an element that is located on the same DNA molecule as the transcribed gene, the so-called cis-regulatory DNA elements. The other component acts in trans, i.e. it requires molecules separate from the gene containing DNA molecule, here referred to ...
DNA bracelet activity pack
DNA bracelet activity pack

... The best way to gauge understanding of participants is to ask them questions like »» Do you think everyone has the same colour eyes or hair? »» What colour are your eyes? Note that we don’t all have the same colour of eyes or hair because what we look like depends on information that we inherit from ...
Last Name: First Name: Per. _____ Parent Signature: Pre
Last Name: First Name: Per. _____ Parent Signature: Pre

... mechanisms. The significance is that mutation is the primary source of genetic diversity – it is how we get brand new alleles. Genetic diversity is necessary for evolution through natural selection. Some mutations are silent (no change in amino acid) because of redundancy in the codons (64 codons fo ...
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Molecular cloning



Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as ""clones"". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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