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Direct-Current Circuits
Direct-Current Circuits

... The equivalent resistor must have exactly the same external effect on the circuit as the original parallel resistors The equivalent resistance of a parallel combination of resistors is less than the smallest of the individual resistors General ...
2.7.1 armature voltage control
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Chapter 9: Transmission Lines
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... P = 3Vφ ,R I φ cos θ = 3 ( 76 kV )( 388 A ) cos ( −7.2°) = 87.8 MW Q = 3Vφ ,R I φ sin θ = 3 ( 76 kV )( 388 A ) sin ( −7.2°) = −11 MVAR In this case, there was a relatively large change in P (27.4 MW) and a relatively small change in Q (11.5 MVAR) supplied to the receiving bus. (d) From the above res ...
Microphone Beamforming and Audio Signal Processing
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Basic Electronics III Series/Parallel Combination
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... important to know which components are in series with one another and which components are in parallel.  Series components must be in one current path without any branch points.  To find particular values for this type of circuit,  Reduce and combine the components using the rules for individual ...
Characteristics of output voltage and current of
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Ultra low noise amplifiers
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26.5-40 and 76.5-90 GHz the Multichannel Radiometer - ELVA-1
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Figure 1-1
Figure 1-1

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DeltaV SIS™ Conditioning Components
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Realization of Current Conveyors-based Floating Simulator Employing Grounded Passive Elements
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... significant figures to which a measurement may be made. For example, a resistor of the true value of 1584572 W is measured by an ohm-meter which consistently and repeatedly indicates 1.6 MW form the scale of the meter. This is the estimated value from the scale reading consistently yield a value of ...
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Aalborg Universitet Capacitor-Supported System
Aalborg Universitet Capacitor-Supported System

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Operational amplifier



An operational amplifier (""op-amp"") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself.Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
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