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Data driven WZ background estimation for SUSY searches with
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... Tree level production diagrams of Wγ(left column) and WZ (right column). Diagrams (a) and (b) depict what is called initial state radiation (ISR) production of both processes, in which the γ or Z is radiated by the W boson. Diagrams (c) and (d) go through a virtual quark propagator, and both the W a ...
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... where ⌬sc is the superconducting energy gap 共⌬sc ⬇ 180 ␮eV for Al junctions兲. The supercurrent component then oscillates with angular frequency 2eV / ប—the ac Josephson effect. The thermal activation regime has been explored in detail, for various limits of dissipation 关63–65兴. For fixed current bia ...
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CHM 307 - National Open University of Nigeria

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Photon polarization

Photon polarization is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. Individual photon eigenstates have either right or left circular polarization. A photon that is in a superposition of eigenstates can have linear, circular, or elliptical polarization.The description of photon polarization contains many of the physical concepts and much of the mathematical machinery of more involved quantum descriptions, such as the quantum mechanics of an electron in a potential well, and forms a fundamental basis for an understanding of more complicated quantum phenomena. Much of the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics, such as state vectors, probability amplitudes, unitary operators, and Hermitian operators, emerge naturally from the classical Maxwell's equations in the description. The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector, usually used to describe the polarization of a classical wave. Unitary operators emerge from the classical requirement of the conservation of energy of a classical wave propagating through media that alter the polarization state of the wave. Hermitian operators then follow for infinitesimal transformations of a classical polarization state.Many of the implications of the mathematical machinery are easily verified experimentally. In fact, many of the experiments can be performed with two pairs (or one broken pair) of polaroid sunglasses.The connection with quantum mechanics is made through the identification of a minimum packet size, called a photon, for energy in the electromagnetic field. The identification is based on the theories of Planck and the interpretation of those theories by Einstein. The correspondence principle then allows the identification of momentum and angular momentum (called spin), as well as energy, with the photon.
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