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e - DSpace@MIT
e - DSpace@MIT

... Surface problems in six configurations are analyzed and compared. Use is made of a perturbation analysis and of a "space rate" expansion of the d~pendent variables. Surface waves are classified according to whether the steady electric or magnetic fields are perpendicular (type I) or tangent'j.a1(typ ...
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1. When a baseball bat hits the ball, the impulse delivered to the ball

... 35. Although Newton's second law, F = ma, is valid for collisions, it is difficult to use it generally in this form for collisions ...
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... sound speed of nuclear matter (e.g., [12]). This implies that the pressure and the internal energy associated with the finite thermal energy (temperature) are not still as large as those of the cold part. From this reason, we adopt a hybrid equation of state in which the finite-temperature part gene ...
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Photon polarization

Photon polarization is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. Individual photon eigenstates have either right or left circular polarization. A photon that is in a superposition of eigenstates can have linear, circular, or elliptical polarization.The description of photon polarization contains many of the physical concepts and much of the mathematical machinery of more involved quantum descriptions, such as the quantum mechanics of an electron in a potential well, and forms a fundamental basis for an understanding of more complicated quantum phenomena. Much of the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics, such as state vectors, probability amplitudes, unitary operators, and Hermitian operators, emerge naturally from the classical Maxwell's equations in the description. The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector, usually used to describe the polarization of a classical wave. Unitary operators emerge from the classical requirement of the conservation of energy of a classical wave propagating through media that alter the polarization state of the wave. Hermitian operators then follow for infinitesimal transformations of a classical polarization state.Many of the implications of the mathematical machinery are easily verified experimentally. In fact, many of the experiments can be performed with two pairs (or one broken pair) of polaroid sunglasses.The connection with quantum mechanics is made through the identification of a minimum packet size, called a photon, for energy in the electromagnetic field. The identification is based on the theories of Planck and the interpretation of those theories by Einstein. The correspondence principle then allows the identification of momentum and angular momentum (called spin), as well as energy, with the photon.
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