1203.3054v2
... In the most general sense, the transformation for universal and symmetric pure state cloning is given by ...
... In the most general sense, the transformation for universal and symmetric pure state cloning is given by ...
Taking Einstein seriously: Relativistic coupling of internal and center
... In this section, we will quantize the Hamiltonian Eq. (10). Previous authors have obtained this Hamiltonian and used it to examine the quantum interference of essentially freely propagating systems in gravitational fields [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Here we will show that similar quantum interfere ...
... In this section, we will quantize the Hamiltonian Eq. (10). Previous authors have obtained this Hamiltonian and used it to examine the quantum interference of essentially freely propagating systems in gravitational fields [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Here we will show that similar quantum interfere ...
photoelectric effect
... • Photon is defined as a particle with zero mass consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation where its energy is concentrated. Quantum means “fixed amount” ...
... • Photon is defined as a particle with zero mass consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation where its energy is concentrated. Quantum means “fixed amount” ...
(2)
... subsystem in contact with a many-body environment is necessary for the description of proton or electron transfer reactions, the dynamics of spin variables interacting with their surroundings, vibrational or other quantum degrees of freedom in a condensed phase system, etc. It is difficult, if not i ...
... subsystem in contact with a many-body environment is necessary for the description of proton or electron transfer reactions, the dynamics of spin variables interacting with their surroundings, vibrational or other quantum degrees of freedom in a condensed phase system, etc. It is difficult, if not i ...
Atomic Theory - Relativistic quantum dynamics of ions and beams
... ➣ Atomic clocks: design of new frequency standards; requires very accurate data on hyperfine structures, atomic polarizibilities, light shift, blackbody radiation, etc. ➣ Search for super-heavy elements: beyond fermium (Z = 100); ‘island of stability’; better understanding of nuclear structures and ...
... ➣ Atomic clocks: design of new frequency standards; requires very accurate data on hyperfine structures, atomic polarizibilities, light shift, blackbody radiation, etc. ➣ Search for super-heavy elements: beyond fermium (Z = 100); ‘island of stability’; better understanding of nuclear structures and ...
Quantum Chaos
... the energy levels and eigenstates of the (bound) system? For an open system, in the decay rates, in the Smatrix, in the transport properties? (lectures 1 and 2) What kind of semiclassical approximations can be used? (lecture 2) What is the longtime behaviour of a quantum system? (lecture 3) For a ...
... the energy levels and eigenstates of the (bound) system? For an open system, in the decay rates, in the Smatrix, in the transport properties? (lectures 1 and 2) What kind of semiclassical approximations can be used? (lecture 2) What is the longtime behaviour of a quantum system? (lecture 3) For a ...
Field theoretic approach that forms a bijection between
... At first, the classical particle motion of a general form will be interpreted in terms of the Hamiltonian densities, the kinetic energy density, the potential energy density and the sum of those, the total energy density. Secondly, the conditions for such Hamiltonian densities, which certainly will ...
... At first, the classical particle motion of a general form will be interpreted in terms of the Hamiltonian densities, the kinetic energy density, the potential energy density and the sum of those, the total energy density. Secondly, the conditions for such Hamiltonian densities, which certainly will ...
Particle in a box
In quantum mechanics, the particle in a box model (also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well) describes a particle free to move in a small space surrounded by impenetrable barriers. The model is mainly used as a hypothetical example to illustrate the differences between classical and quantum systems. In classical systems, for example a ball trapped inside a large box, the particle can move at any speed within the box and it is no more likely to be found at one position than another. However, when the well becomes very narrow (on the scale of a few nanometers), quantum effects become important. The particle may only occupy certain positive energy levels. Likewise, it can never have zero energy, meaning that the particle can never ""sit still"". Additionally, it is more likely to be found at certain positions than at others, depending on its energy level. The particle may never be detected at certain positions, known as spatial nodes.The particle in a box model provides one of the very few problems in quantum mechanics which can be solved analytically, without approximations. This means that the observable properties of the particle (such as its energy and position) are related to the mass of the particle and the width of the well by simple mathematical expressions. Due to its simplicity, the model allows insight into quantum effects without the need for complicated mathematics. It is one of the first quantum mechanics problems taught in undergraduate physics courses, and it is commonly used as an approximation for more complicated quantum systems.