Nursing 3703 Pharmacology in Nursing
... Absorption-process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated Factors affecting absorption include: dosage form, route of administration, blood flow to the site of administration, gastrointestinal function, presence of food or other dr ...
... Absorption-process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated Factors affecting absorption include: dosage form, route of administration, blood flow to the site of administration, gastrointestinal function, presence of food or other dr ...
File
... Examining Drug Orders • Drug order must be written clearly – If any part(s) is missing, it is incomplete – If ever in doubt, you MUST ask the prescribing practitioner to clarify ...
... Examining Drug Orders • Drug order must be written clearly – If any part(s) is missing, it is incomplete – If ever in doubt, you MUST ask the prescribing practitioner to clarify ...
Chapter 17
... Steady-state: determines how often the drug will be administered – Steady state is reached when the amount taken in is equal to the amount being excreted o Effects of Physical Activity on Pharmacokinetics Exercise in general decreases the absorption after oral administration of a drug Exercise i ...
... Steady-state: determines how often the drug will be administered – Steady state is reached when the amount taken in is equal to the amount being excreted o Effects of Physical Activity on Pharmacokinetics Exercise in general decreases the absorption after oral administration of a drug Exercise i ...
Addiction
... – nicotinic receptors on the actual dopaminergic neuron when nicotine binds to that receptor, it turns the dopamine cell on – nicotine stimulates glutamatergic inputs, which are excitatory on the dopamine neuron which leads to more dopamine being released – nicotine stimulates GABAergic neurons • Wh ...
... – nicotinic receptors on the actual dopaminergic neuron when nicotine binds to that receptor, it turns the dopamine cell on – nicotine stimulates glutamatergic inputs, which are excitatory on the dopamine neuron which leads to more dopamine being released – nicotine stimulates GABAergic neurons • Wh ...
Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
... These are descriptive terms of the intensity of a particular sign or symptom. Serious, on the other hand defines the urgency and the impending critical threat to the life of the patient or to ...
... These are descriptive terms of the intensity of a particular sign or symptom. Serious, on the other hand defines the urgency and the impending critical threat to the life of the patient or to ...
Principles and Methods of Drug Administration
... administering the drugs must immediately record the appropriate information about the drug given • Name of drug • Dosage administered • Time and date administered • The route and site of administration • Patient response • DVM signature or initials ...
... administering the drugs must immediately record the appropriate information about the drug given • Name of drug • Dosage administered • Time and date administered • The route and site of administration • Patient response • DVM signature or initials ...
Who`s Doing What?
... impending overdose), respiratory depression, greatly reduced heart rate, and coma/death Thought to lower dopamine levels – can induce sleep, but when the user awakes, can be very aroused and active Withdrawal can be severe/difficult – may include seizures Has been used as a “date rape” drug (i ...
... impending overdose), respiratory depression, greatly reduced heart rate, and coma/death Thought to lower dopamine levels – can induce sleep, but when the user awakes, can be very aroused and active Withdrawal can be severe/difficult – may include seizures Has been used as a “date rape” drug (i ...
Slide 1
... Prescribing for patients with liver disease: • if possible, use drugs that are eliminated by routes other than the liver • response and untoward effects should be monitored (and therapy adjusted accordingly) • predictable hepatotoxins (cytostatic drugs) should only be used for the strongest of indi ...
... Prescribing for patients with liver disease: • if possible, use drugs that are eliminated by routes other than the liver • response and untoward effects should be monitored (and therapy adjusted accordingly) • predictable hepatotoxins (cytostatic drugs) should only be used for the strongest of indi ...
DOC
... The compounds are not only substrates of the enzymes, in other words metabolized by the enzyme, but can be inhibitors or efficient inducers, and cause serious drug-drug interaction where a drug can alter (enhance/ decrease) the rate of metabolism of a second drug. In the worst case it leads to a sub ...
... The compounds are not only substrates of the enzymes, in other words metabolized by the enzyme, but can be inhibitors or efficient inducers, and cause serious drug-drug interaction where a drug can alter (enhance/ decrease) the rate of metabolism of a second drug. In the worst case it leads to a sub ...
Therapeutic drug monitoring
... patient’s serum creatinine concentration and the rate of urinary excretion of creatinine. The approach is similar to that used in the determination of drug clearance. In practice, the rate of urinary excretion of creatinine is measured by the entire day to obtain a reliable excretion rate. The s ...
... patient’s serum creatinine concentration and the rate of urinary excretion of creatinine. The approach is similar to that used in the determination of drug clearance. In practice, the rate of urinary excretion of creatinine is measured by the entire day to obtain a reliable excretion rate. The s ...
The Beginnings: Laboratory and Animal Studies: From Test Tube to
... scientists what the receptor site looks like and how one might tailor a compound to block an enzyme from attaching there. Nevertheless, “computers give chemists clues to which compounds to make, but they don’t give any final answers,” says Kuntzman. “You still have to put any compound you made based ...
... scientists what the receptor site looks like and how one might tailor a compound to block an enzyme from attaching there. Nevertheless, “computers give chemists clues to which compounds to make, but they don’t give any final answers,” says Kuntzman. “You still have to put any compound you made based ...
EU Drug Markets Report - Emcdda
... locations are increasingly flexible and dynamic. After a period of decline, there are signs of increased availability, suggesting the potential for new outbreaks of use. ...
... locations are increasingly flexible and dynamic. After a period of decline, there are signs of increased availability, suggesting the potential for new outbreaks of use. ...
Addictive behaviour and behavioural change
... • With the exception of tobacco (the most socially normal drug used) most substance users use the drugs in a controlled fashion. This would not be the case if the drugs themselves were the “cause” of the behaviour. ...
... • With the exception of tobacco (the most socially normal drug used) most substance users use the drugs in a controlled fashion. This would not be the case if the drugs themselves were the “cause” of the behaviour. ...
Psychiatric Disorders and Medications During Pregnancy and the
... However, it is relatively safer and low levels of drugs are secreted for most tricyclics. Tricyclics such as amitryptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline and clomipramine are safe during breastfeeding (Becker, 2009). Doxepin is contraindicated (respiratory depression). ...
... However, it is relatively safer and low levels of drugs are secreted for most tricyclics. Tricyclics such as amitryptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline and clomipramine are safe during breastfeeding (Becker, 2009). Doxepin is contraindicated (respiratory depression). ...
Nervous System
... Biotransformation/Metabolism Drug Metabolization – Enzymes break down the drug molecules to prepare them for ELIMINATION Biotranformation occurs mainly in LIVER, but can occur in the nervous system, or in the blood stream as well Enzymes break down drugs into metabolites Metabolites can be ac ...
... Biotransformation/Metabolism Drug Metabolization – Enzymes break down the drug molecules to prepare them for ELIMINATION Biotranformation occurs mainly in LIVER, but can occur in the nervous system, or in the blood stream as well Enzymes break down drugs into metabolites Metabolites can be ac ...
Document
... also occur when one drug alters the absorption, distribution or elimination of another drug, such that the amount, which reaches the site of action, is increased or decreased. When two drugs are administered to an animal, they may either act independently of each other, or interact with each other. ...
... also occur when one drug alters the absorption, distribution or elimination of another drug, such that the amount, which reaches the site of action, is increased or decreased. When two drugs are administered to an animal, they may either act independently of each other, or interact with each other. ...
Priority Health Medicare Prior Authorization Form: Technivie
... disabling flu-like symptoms (fever, rigors, severe myalgia, nausea/vomiting) lasting more than 24 hours severe, unstable psychiatric disease under treatment ...
... disabling flu-like symptoms (fever, rigors, severe myalgia, nausea/vomiting) lasting more than 24 hours severe, unstable psychiatric disease under treatment ...
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... Amount of drug passing through bloodbrain barrier Percentage of drug in c.s.f. Increases when Inflammation Larger doses used BBB permeability increases in inflammation ...
... Amount of drug passing through bloodbrain barrier Percentage of drug in c.s.f. Increases when Inflammation Larger doses used BBB permeability increases in inflammation ...
Acetaminophen
... unless ordered by health care provider. narcotic pain reliever to avoid toxic levels. • to read directions carefully when using Contraindicated for use with warfarin due to acetaminophen suspension and drops. the mechanism of inhibition of warfarin • not to exceed recommended daily dose of metabolis ...
... unless ordered by health care provider. narcotic pain reliever to avoid toxic levels. • to read directions carefully when using Contraindicated for use with warfarin due to acetaminophen suspension and drops. the mechanism of inhibition of warfarin • not to exceed recommended daily dose of metabolis ...
routes-of-drug-administration-and-transport-of
... • Drugs and diagnostic agents are administered via this route. The • diagnostic media e.g. (Contrast media in angiography) is injected directly into the artery. This is also of great use in treatment of limb malignancies. • Advantages: • - The first pass and cleansing effects are by-passed. • - Bioa ...
... • Drugs and diagnostic agents are administered via this route. The • diagnostic media e.g. (Contrast media in angiography) is injected directly into the artery. This is also of great use in treatment of limb malignancies. • Advantages: • - The first pass and cleansing effects are by-passed. • - Bioa ...
Compensatory physiological responses of Heart Muscle in CHF
... Systemic or general action, where the drug acts after administration and distribution by circulation to various tissues. Reflex or remote action, where the drug acts locally at one site to produce reflex action elsewhere. ...
... Systemic or general action, where the drug acts after administration and distribution by circulation to various tissues. Reflex or remote action, where the drug acts locally at one site to produce reflex action elsewhere. ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.