The heart of Daphnia magna: effects of four
... mms9.25 mm) and heart area was estimated as a ellipse. In this way readings can be made more conveniently and with greater accuracy. 2.8. Statistics All data were assessed for homogeneity of variance to ensure that assumptions of analysis of variance ANOVA were met. The data were analyzed by one-way ...
... mms9.25 mm) and heart area was estimated as a ellipse. In this way readings can be made more conveniently and with greater accuracy. 2.8. Statistics All data were assessed for homogeneity of variance to ensure that assumptions of analysis of variance ANOVA were met. The data were analyzed by one-way ...
Introduction
... pulmonary and nasal routes, may offer certain advantages over other drug delivery systems. The respiratory tract is void of gastric acid and has a reduced level of degrading enzymes, which are mainly intracellular, compared to that of the gastrointestinal tract (1, 2). For systemic drugs absorption ...
... pulmonary and nasal routes, may offer certain advantages over other drug delivery systems. The respiratory tract is void of gastric acid and has a reduced level of degrading enzymes, which are mainly intracellular, compared to that of the gastrointestinal tract (1, 2). For systemic drugs absorption ...
Slide 1
... If you don’t know the true relationship between dose and toxicity, how do you estimate the MTD? – Use the actual data from the study to estimate the dose-toxicity curve – Borrow data from other experiences What is the target dose of interest? – Dose that has 25% toxicity What is the proposed dose-to ...
... If you don’t know the true relationship between dose and toxicity, how do you estimate the MTD? – Use the actual data from the study to estimate the dose-toxicity curve – Borrow data from other experiences What is the target dose of interest? – Dose that has 25% toxicity What is the proposed dose-to ...
Role of US Military Research Programs in the Development of US
... problem in veterans returning from the Korean War. Compliance with chloroquine prophylaxis was good, so malaria symptoms developed only after troops departed from Korea. Dr. Alf Alving (University of Chicago) led a research team under contract to the US Army that evaluated the safety and efficacy of ...
... problem in veterans returning from the Korean War. Compliance with chloroquine prophylaxis was good, so malaria symptoms developed only after troops departed from Korea. Dr. Alf Alving (University of Chicago) led a research team under contract to the US Army that evaluated the safety and efficacy of ...
TIME:XX
... The only common medical applications for GHB today are in the treatment of narcolepsy and more rarely alcoholism. GHB has a salty taste but, as it is colorless and odorless, it has been described as "very easy to add to drinks" that mask the flavor. GHB has been used in cases of drugrelated sexual a ...
... The only common medical applications for GHB today are in the treatment of narcolepsy and more rarely alcoholism. GHB has a salty taste but, as it is colorless and odorless, it has been described as "very easy to add to drinks" that mask the flavor. GHB has been used in cases of drugrelated sexual a ...
Developing Acceptable Surface Limits for Occupational Exposure to
... for the potential risk from exposure by dermal contact. In the pharmaceuticals industry, ASLs are used for protection against active pharmaceutical ingredients that are known to cause pharmacological or toxicological effects. An ASL can be used, together with appropriate analytical methods and indus ...
... for the potential risk from exposure by dermal contact. In the pharmaceuticals industry, ASLs are used for protection against active pharmaceutical ingredients that are known to cause pharmacological or toxicological effects. An ASL can be used, together with appropriate analytical methods and indus ...
Intravitreal Amphotericin B
... • The drug should be given slowly in the central vitreous space, as a bolus of even very small doses near the retina may result in retinal necrosis. • The drug has been found to reach the retinal surface in a few hours. ...
... • The drug should be given slowly in the central vitreous space, as a bolus of even very small doses near the retina may result in retinal necrosis. • The drug has been found to reach the retinal surface in a few hours. ...
- EBioMedicine
... basis functions (BF) to examine candidates for both main and interaction effects in a piecewise manner. BFs are flexible mathematical linear spline functions that describe relationship between variables in short segments of dataspace, which allows fit of both nonlinear and linear relationships as well ...
... basis functions (BF) to examine candidates for both main and interaction effects in a piecewise manner. BFs are flexible mathematical linear spline functions that describe relationship between variables in short segments of dataspace, which allows fit of both nonlinear and linear relationships as well ...
... iver disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in public, affecting humans of all ages. About 20,000 deaths occur every year due to liver disorders.1 Some of the commonly known disorders are viral hepatitis, alcohol liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liv ...
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
... Allergic drug reactions are one type of adverse drug reaction (ADR). An ADR has been defined by the World Health Organization as any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug that occurs at doses used for prevention, diagnosis, or treatment.1 Although ADRs are common, it has been difficult ...
... Allergic drug reactions are one type of adverse drug reaction (ADR). An ADR has been defined by the World Health Organization as any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug that occurs at doses used for prevention, diagnosis, or treatment.1 Although ADRs are common, it has been difficult ...
Complete Drug Facts
... prevent the full effects of the alcohol becoming apparent until the speed has worn off. People can drink dangerous amounts, only realising that they have done so when the speed has gone. Police and drugs professionals have become increasingly concerned about the growth of Methamphetamine. This has b ...
... prevent the full effects of the alcohol becoming apparent until the speed has worn off. People can drink dangerous amounts, only realising that they have done so when the speed has gone. Police and drugs professionals have become increasingly concerned about the growth of Methamphetamine. This has b ...
Vancomycin Assay - Beckman Coulter
... sodium heparin, lithium heparin, citrate, and oxalate/fluoride have been tested and may be used with this assay. Some sample dilution may occur when samples are collected in tubes containing citrate anticoagulant. The amount of dilution and the possible need to correct for it should be considered wh ...
... sodium heparin, lithium heparin, citrate, and oxalate/fluoride have been tested and may be used with this assay. Some sample dilution may occur when samples are collected in tubes containing citrate anticoagulant. The amount of dilution and the possible need to correct for it should be considered wh ...
The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ivermectin in domestic
... instead of 200 lg/kg. Parenteral administration delays ivermectin’s absorption compared to the oral route, but leads to an overall higher availability in plasma, a longer duration of activity, and better efficacy. Molento et al. (2004) pointed out that the lower absorption of ivermectin after oral adm ...
... instead of 200 lg/kg. Parenteral administration delays ivermectin’s absorption compared to the oral route, but leads to an overall higher availability in plasma, a longer duration of activity, and better efficacy. Molento et al. (2004) pointed out that the lower absorption of ivermectin after oral adm ...
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics
... depth of pain control while increasing the anesthetic blood concentration and potential for overdose (toxic reaction) ...
... depth of pain control while increasing the anesthetic blood concentration and potential for overdose (toxic reaction) ...
Targeted erythropoietin selectively stimulates red blood cell
... peptide linker that permits simultaneous binding of both elements to the same cell surface. The targeting element anchors the mutated activity element to the desired cell surface (Fig. 1A, Middle), thereby creating a high local concentration and driving receptor binding despite the mutation (Fig. 1A ...
... peptide linker that permits simultaneous binding of both elements to the same cell surface. The targeting element anchors the mutated activity element to the desired cell surface (Fig. 1A, Middle), thereby creating a high local concentration and driving receptor binding despite the mutation (Fig. 1A ...
2% XylocaineDENTAL with epinephrine 1:50000
... a 1:100,000 epinephrine concentration) provide pulp anesthesia averaging at least 90 minutes with an average duration of soft tissue anesthesia of 3 to 3 1⁄4 hours. Hemodynamics Excessive blood levels may cause changes in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial pressure. These ...
... a 1:100,000 epinephrine concentration) provide pulp anesthesia averaging at least 90 minutes with an average duration of soft tissue anesthesia of 3 to 3 1⁄4 hours. Hemodynamics Excessive blood levels may cause changes in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial pressure. These ...
Update on Herbals and Supplements in the CKD Patient
... A. AKI d/t hypertensive nephropathy consistent with a bland urine sediment and history of HTN } B. AKI d/t NSAID nephropathy from high use over time } C. AKI d/t drug toxicity } D. AKI d/t obstructive uropathy from his BPH consistent with his mild hyperkalemia and bland urine sediment ...
... A. AKI d/t hypertensive nephropathy consistent with a bland urine sediment and history of HTN } B. AKI d/t NSAID nephropathy from high use over time } C. AKI d/t drug toxicity } D. AKI d/t obstructive uropathy from his BPH consistent with his mild hyperkalemia and bland urine sediment ...
HIGH-MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF BIOPOLYMER
... pH dependent) and effected by the ionic strength. Indead, HA has a pKa value of about 3.0 and therefore, the extent of ionization of the HA chains was affected by the change in pH also. The intermolecular interactions between the HA molecules may be affected by the shift in ionization, that leads to ...
... pH dependent) and effected by the ionic strength. Indead, HA has a pKa value of about 3.0 and therefore, the extent of ionization of the HA chains was affected by the change in pH also. The intermolecular interactions between the HA molecules may be affected by the shift in ionization, that leads to ...
Guideline on the investigation of bioequivalence - EMA
... Under certain circumstances, provided the study design and the statistical analyses are scientifically sound, alternative well-established designs could be considered such as parallel design for substances with very long half-life and replicate designs e.g. for substances with highly variable pharma ...
... Under certain circumstances, provided the study design and the statistical analyses are scientifically sound, alternative well-established designs could be considered such as parallel design for substances with very long half-life and replicate designs e.g. for substances with highly variable pharma ...
Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim
... SMX-TMP was approved by the FDA on June 23, 1981.[2] Oral and parenteral forms of SMX-TMP are indicated as the primary agent in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), an opportunistic infection in patients with HIV/AIDS, and as secondary prophylaxis of PCP in patients who have alread ...
... SMX-TMP was approved by the FDA on June 23, 1981.[2] Oral and parenteral forms of SMX-TMP are indicated as the primary agent in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), an opportunistic infection in patients with HIV/AIDS, and as secondary prophylaxis of PCP in patients who have alread ...
Formulation and evaluation of microspheres
... sustained delivery. Apart from that microspheres also allow drug targeting to various systems such as ocular , intranasal , oral and IV route . Novel technologies like magnetic microspheres, immunomicrospheres offer great advantages and uses than conventional technologies. ...
... sustained delivery. Apart from that microspheres also allow drug targeting to various systems such as ocular , intranasal , oral and IV route . Novel technologies like magnetic microspheres, immunomicrospheres offer great advantages and uses than conventional technologies. ...
A Mathematical Model for an Intravenous Bolus Injection
... report is going to focus on IV bolus injections of morphine. Morphine is an opiate drug that is used to relieve sever pain. It is the golden standard in clinical medicine which means not only is it used in high volumes at hospitals it is also used by the FDA as a benchmark point for approving new pa ...
... report is going to focus on IV bolus injections of morphine. Morphine is an opiate drug that is used to relieve sever pain. It is the golden standard in clinical medicine which means not only is it used in high volumes at hospitals it is also used by the FDA as a benchmark point for approving new pa ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.