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Fexofenadine HCl manufacturers in India, cas. No. 153439-40
Fexofenadine HCl manufacturers in India, cas. No. 153439-40

... are using the rapidly dissolving tablet, take it on an empty stomach. Remove the rapidly dissolving tablet from its foil pack immediately before taking and place the tablet on the tongue. It will dissolve quickly. You may swallow the dissolved medication with or without water. Taking fexofenadine wi ...
Ophthalmic adverse drug reactions to systemic drugs
Ophthalmic adverse drug reactions to systemic drugs

... Secondary outcomes included: ocular structure affected, diagnosis, serious or vision-threatening ADR. All symptoms, visual acuity (VA), signals and results of complementary examination performed at presentation were recorded, as well as after a follow-up. Attitude or treatment performed for each ADR ...
CTI - Tech Transfer Central
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... Partner with PIs to enable development of preclinical discovery into the clinic (Phase I) Focus on protein therapeutics Parallel development of Translational Medicine approach – understanding patient heterogeneity and patient stratification Focus on Mechanisms - across all disease areas ...
evaluation of the interaction of loratadine and desloratadine with p
evaluation of the interaction of loratadine and desloratadine with p

... and pharmaceuticals via transmembrane proteins acting as hydrophobic “vacuum cleaners” (Gottesman and Pastan, 1993; Gottesman et al., 1996). The protein product of the MDR1 gene encodes a 170-kDa integral plasma membrane phosphorylated glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is the best known and ...
Antibiotics
Antibiotics

... Gentamicin (Garamycin, Gentacidin) -- Aminoglycoside antibiotic for gram-negative coverage. Used in combination with an agent against gram-positive organisms and one that covers anaerobes. Not the DOC. Consider if penicillins or other less toxic drugs are contraindicated, when clinically indicated, ...
Report on the Investigation Results
Report on the Investigation Results

... Therapeutic dose dependence with the use of BZ receptor agonists is described as “a clinical condition where the primary disease has improved but the patient has difficulty in stopping the drug as rebound phenomena or withdrawal symptoms occur when administration is discontinued.” The most important ...
Document
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... Gentamicin (Garamycin, Gentacidin) -- Aminoglycoside antibiotic for gram-negative coverage. Used in combination with an agent against gram-positive organisms and one that covers anaerobes. Not the DOC. Consider if penicillins or other less toxic drugs are contraindicated, when clinically indicated, ...
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the file - General Practice
the file - General Practice

... A new form of buprenorphine has been developed which includes a dose of the opioid antagonist naloxone (buprenorphine: naloxone 4:1) in a combined sublingual tablet. This new form is for use at the same buprenorphine dose (i.e. the current 8 mg sublingual buprenorphine being considered as the same t ...
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Clinical Actions of Specific Agents
Clinical Actions of Specific Agents

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February/April
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Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs

... slope for drug A is typical of many of the older sedativehypnotics. With such drugs, an increarse in dose above that needed for hypnosis may lead to a state of general anesthesia. At still high doses, sedative-hypnotics may depress respiratory and vasomotor centres in the medulla, leading to coma an ...
Oral midazolam – grapefruit juice drug interaction
Oral midazolam – grapefruit juice drug interaction

... midazolam. Grapefruit juice also inhibits hepatic CYP3A4, which is a catalyst for the breakdown of midazolam into its metabolite x-hydroxymidazolam. This results in a decreased first pass effect on midazolam and increases midazolam’s bioavailability in the blood.5 When oral midazolam is given with g ...
General Notices - Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission
General Notices - Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

... temperature is indicated. Other methods of heating may be used provided the required temperature is approximately maintained but not exceeded. Provisions Applicable To Monographs and Test Methods Expression of Contents. Where the content of a substance is defined, the expression “per cent” is used a ...
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Antiarrhythmic drugs

... myocardial ischemia or due to digoxin toxicity They have little effect on atrial or AV junction arrhythmias (because they have min effect on conduction velocity) ...
Chapter 7 - emseducation.info
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... Review (2 of 2) 5. You are managing a 62-year-old woman who is complaining of crushing chest pain. Her blood pressure is 84/64 mm Hg and her heart rate is 110 beats/min. Medical control advises you to assist her in taking her prescribed nitroglycerin. After receiving this order, you should: C. wait ...
testosterone cypionate injection, USP
testosterone cypionate injection, USP

... DEPO-Testosterone Injection is for intramuscular use only. It should not be given intravenously. Intramuscular injections should be given deep in the gluteal muscle. The suggested dosage for DEPO-Testosterone Injection varies depending on the age, sex, and diagnosis of the individual patient. Dosage ...
Chapter_07
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... Review (2 of 2) 5. You are managing a 62-year-old woman who is complaining of crushing chest pain. Her blood pressure is 84/64 mm Hg and her heart rate is 110 beats/min. Medical control advises you to assist her in taking her prescribed nitroglycerin. After receiving this order, you should: C. wait ...
AusPAR: Regorafenib
AusPAR: Regorafenib

... The 40 mg solid solution tablets were used in Phase III studies. The only notable change in the solid solution tablet formulation during development was a change of the film coating. This did not affect bioavailability (Study 12437). Biopharmaceutics No absolute bioavailability study has been done. ...
Modelling of tolerance and rebound in normal and
Modelling of tolerance and rebound in normal and

... excretion of a drug whereas pharmacodynamics represents the relationship between drug concentration and the onset, intensity and duration of a pharmacological response [1, 2]. Pharmacodynamics includes the exploration and assessment of relevant variables such as pharmacologically active metabolites, ...
Pharmacological Effects of Rutaecarpine, an Alkaloid Isolated from
Pharmacological Effects of Rutaecarpine, an Alkaloid Isolated from

... and postpartum hemorrhage (1). It has also been claimed to have a remarkable central stimulant effect (1), a transient hypertensive effect (1,2), and positive inotropic and chronotropic effects (3). In phytochemical studies a wide variety of compounds, including alkaloids, were found in the fruits o ...
In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Protein Binding, Red Blood Cell Partitioning
In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Protein Binding, Red Blood Cell Partitioning

... are relatively more resistant to the two dach-Pt complexes than the other platinum agents. These include the two melanoma cell lines (SKMEL-2 and HT-144), one of the glioblastoma cell lines (U87MG), and both bladder cell lines (RT-4 and TCCSUP); (b) a general collateral sensitivity (or resistance) e ...
Pharmacologic insights into the future of trastuzumab
Pharmacologic insights into the future of trastuzumab

... for several European studies examining trastuzumab that further research into the optimal administration in combination with docetaxel, epirubicin, cyclophos- route and frequency of dosing of trastuzumab is phamide, carboplatin, gemcitabine and other agents. In warranted. Such research is currently ...
Novel Anti-platelet Agents and Anticoagulants
Novel Anti-platelet Agents and Anticoagulants

... inhibiting the binding of ADP to the purinergic P2Y12 receptor on the platelet surface. Since these drugs have differing mechanisms of action their effects on platelet aggregation are synergistic. Clopidogrel requires a two-step hepatic transformation to exhibit its effect. It is metabolized by a cy ...
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Pharmacokinetics



Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.
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