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Newton`s Second Law
Newton`s Second Law

... 15. An applied force of 50 N is used to accelerate an object to the right across a frictional surface. The object encounters 10 N of friction. Use the diagram to determine the normal force, the net force, the mass, and the acceleration of the object. (Neglect air resistance.) ...
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Physics - Content by Unit

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... F G 2 r F = forces of attraction G = universal constant of gravitation = 66.73(10-12)m3/(kg.s2) m1,m2 = mass of each of the two particle r = distance between the centers of the two particles ...
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Newton Review
Newton Review

... 1. Write Newton’s first law. Law of Inertia: objects remain in motion, or at rest, until a force acts upon them. 2. Give an example of Newton’s first law using a tiny pebble and a boulder in your example. The tiny pebble is easy to change its state of motion due to its low mass while the boulder, ha ...
Newton`s Second Law
Newton`s Second Law

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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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