Ch 22 ppt
... Inner Core-Outer Core • In 1936, Ingre Lehman observed that Pwaves also refract at a certain depth within the core. • At this depth, P-waves show an increase in velocity, indicating higher density material. • Lehman discovered the inner core: —Core has two parts: a liquid outer core and a solid inn ...
... Inner Core-Outer Core • In 1936, Ingre Lehman observed that Pwaves also refract at a certain depth within the core. • At this depth, P-waves show an increase in velocity, indicating higher density material. • Lehman discovered the inner core: —Core has two parts: a liquid outer core and a solid inn ...
The Ocean Bottom
... produced by the break down of rocks on land Biogenic sediment produced by organisms Authigenic sediment produced in place by chemical reactions in seawater or within the upper sediment Volcanogenic sediment produced from the ejections of volcanic eruptions Cosmogenic sediments produced from ...
... produced by the break down of rocks on land Biogenic sediment produced by organisms Authigenic sediment produced in place by chemical reactions in seawater or within the upper sediment Volcanogenic sediment produced from the ejections of volcanic eruptions Cosmogenic sediments produced from ...
Station 1 Identify Specimen 1a Identify Specimen 1b Identify
... surfaces due to weakness in the atomic structure. 2. _____________is the ability of a mineral to withstand scratching 3. _____________ is when a mineral breaks unrelated to weaknesses ...
... surfaces due to weakness in the atomic structure. 2. _____________is the ability of a mineral to withstand scratching 3. _____________ is when a mineral breaks unrelated to weaknesses ...
Erosion, Himalayan Geodynamics, and the Geomorphology of
... with tomographic results showing very low seismic velocities and higher attenuation throughout the crust in the region below the core of the massif (Meltzer et al., 1998; Sarker et al., 1999), is consistent with the thermal consequences of rapid advection at 5 mm/yr. This also suggests that the prim ...
... with tomographic results showing very low seismic velocities and higher attenuation throughout the crust in the region below the core of the massif (Meltzer et al., 1998; Sarker et al., 1999), is consistent with the thermal consequences of rapid advection at 5 mm/yr. This also suggests that the prim ...
DInSAR analysis of differential ground subsidence affecting urban
... subsidence started in 1983 when ground gashes with very small displacement started to form. Subsequently these gashes evolved to form a network of normal faults that generated morphological scarps with vertical throws up to 1 m high in some parts of the city. The most important discontinuities affec ...
... subsidence started in 1983 when ground gashes with very small displacement started to form. Subsequently these gashes evolved to form a network of normal faults that generated morphological scarps with vertical throws up to 1 m high in some parts of the city. The most important discontinuities affec ...
Petrotectonics of ultrahigh-pressure crustal and upper
... and/or continental crustal salients beneath the continental lithosphere. The downgoing slab is subjected to relatively highpressure (HP), low-temperature subduction-zone metamorphism, which produces lawsonite and jadeitic pyroxene-bearing assemblages, and mafic blueschists. Long-continued subduction ...
... and/or continental crustal salients beneath the continental lithosphere. The downgoing slab is subjected to relatively highpressure (HP), low-temperature subduction-zone metamorphism, which produces lawsonite and jadeitic pyroxene-bearing assemblages, and mafic blueschists. Long-continued subduction ...
Arc-Continent collision in Taiwan: New marine observations and
... continental margin and foreland sequences constitute the deformed units of the Coastal Plain, Western foothills and Hsüehshan Range (Ho, 1982; 1988). During convergence, they were progressively accreted to the collision prism along a series of east-dipping thrusts. The Central Range includes the Eoc ...
... continental margin and foreland sequences constitute the deformed units of the Coastal Plain, Western foothills and Hsüehshan Range (Ho, 1982; 1988). During convergence, they were progressively accreted to the collision prism along a series of east-dipping thrusts. The Central Range includes the Eoc ...
Propagating rift during the opening of a small oceanic basin: The
... structures are those that determine the relative displacement of their margins; this is because there is not enough time for an increase in density of the oceanic crust that might contribute to developing subduction. In back-arc basins, opening is related to the separation of the island arc from the ...
... structures are those that determine the relative displacement of their margins; this is because there is not enough time for an increase in density of the oceanic crust that might contribute to developing subduction. In back-arc basins, opening is related to the separation of the island arc from the ...
Ring of Fire and Quakes
... from a location where tremendous friction has prevented rocks under stress from fracturing or moving. When the stresses exceed the force of friction, the built-up energy is suddenly released. Earthquake energy travels through the earth in the form of seismic waves. The point of origin of an earthqua ...
... from a location where tremendous friction has prevented rocks under stress from fracturing or moving. When the stresses exceed the force of friction, the built-up energy is suddenly released. Earthquake energy travels through the earth in the form of seismic waves. The point of origin of an earthqua ...
Lecture Week 4, Tue
... – Linear chains of volcanoes or volcanic islands – Systematic variation of age ...
... – Linear chains of volcanoes or volcanic islands – Systematic variation of age ...
South Fork and Heart Mountain fault
... was southeast, down a gentle slope during early to middle Eocene time (Late Flood), approximately coeval with the Heart Mountain Fault system (HMFS). The SFFS detaches in lower Jurassic strata, rich in gypsum-anhydrite, overlain by about 1250 m of Jurassic through Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic r ...
... was southeast, down a gentle slope during early to middle Eocene time (Late Flood), approximately coeval with the Heart Mountain Fault system (HMFS). The SFFS detaches in lower Jurassic strata, rich in gypsum-anhydrite, overlain by about 1250 m of Jurassic through Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic r ...
Alpine Granites
... The Tödi granite belongs to the shoshonitic-ultrapotassic suite comprising a surface area of less than 1 km2 (Fig. 2). The pluton is a fine grained, strongly deformed porphyritic granite of Carboniferous age (~333 Ma) that intruded into clastic sediments (~350-340 Ma) in a graben to the eastern par ...
... The Tödi granite belongs to the shoshonitic-ultrapotassic suite comprising a surface area of less than 1 km2 (Fig. 2). The pluton is a fine grained, strongly deformed porphyritic granite of Carboniferous age (~333 Ma) that intruded into clastic sediments (~350-340 Ma) in a graben to the eastern par ...
Shear velocity structure of central Eurasia from inversion of surface
... Plateau. This collision, initiated about 50 million years ago when the northward moving Indian plate collided with Asia (Searle et al., 1987), still continues and provides the opportunity for testing models of continental collision dynamics and continent formation. A large number of researchers have ...
... Plateau. This collision, initiated about 50 million years ago when the northward moving Indian plate collided with Asia (Searle et al., 1987), still continues and provides the opportunity for testing models of continental collision dynamics and continent formation. A large number of researchers have ...
- White Rose Research Online
... the Late Mesozoic Verkhoyansk and New Siberian-Chukchi fold-and-thrust belts [Zonenshain et al., 1990; Parfenov, 1991]. These fold belts approach the shoreline and seem to continue offshore forming the heterogeneous basement of the Laptev Rift System concealed beneath a Cenozoic sedimentary cover [D ...
... the Late Mesozoic Verkhoyansk and New Siberian-Chukchi fold-and-thrust belts [Zonenshain et al., 1990; Parfenov, 1991]. These fold belts approach the shoreline and seem to continue offshore forming the heterogeneous basement of the Laptev Rift System concealed beneath a Cenozoic sedimentary cover [D ...
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE Petrogenetic processes associated
... silicic rocks. Based on their geochemical character, these rocks may be divided into two main groups. The Larvik larvikites (monzonites) are highly enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (e.g. 10-32 ppm Th. 8-15 ppm Ta), and have an initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70391 + 5. The syenites and granit ...
... silicic rocks. Based on their geochemical character, these rocks may be divided into two main groups. The Larvik larvikites (monzonites) are highly enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) (e.g. 10-32 ppm Th. 8-15 ppm Ta), and have an initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70391 + 5. The syenites and granit ...
The Geologic Enigma of the Red Sea Rift
... km/s in the inner half of the main trough between 22°N and 23 oN (Tramontini and Davies 1969; Davies and Tramontini 1970) and the presence of linear magnetic anomalies in parts of the main trough which are believed to be of seafloor spreading origin (Girdler and Styles 1974, 1976; Styles and Hall 19 ...
... km/s in the inner half of the main trough between 22°N and 23 oN (Tramontini and Davies 1969; Davies and Tramontini 1970) and the presence of linear magnetic anomalies in parts of the main trough which are believed to be of seafloor spreading origin (Girdler and Styles 1974, 1976; Styles and Hall 19 ...
analysis of deep Earth seismic waves
... after its discoverer, A.Mohorovičić, who found it from investigating the Croatian earthquake of 8 October 1909. The depth to the “MohoÔ varies from area to area, and particularly between continents and oceans, but it is found almost everywhere. Oceanic crust This is only ∼ 5 − 11 km thick and much ...
... after its discoverer, A.Mohorovičić, who found it from investigating the Croatian earthquake of 8 October 1909. The depth to the “MohoÔ varies from area to area, and particularly between continents and oceans, but it is found almost everywhere. Oceanic crust This is only ∼ 5 − 11 km thick and much ...
The Geology of Antarctica
... the Mawson Block of Adelie Land. 2. Archaean or mixed Archaean/Proterozoic areas with strongly polyphase histories in which the early record is partially to largely obscured as a result of overprinting by younger tectonic events, for example at 1100-930 Ma or 600500 Ma or in both of these episodes. ...
... the Mawson Block of Adelie Land. 2. Archaean or mixed Archaean/Proterozoic areas with strongly polyphase histories in which the early record is partially to largely obscured as a result of overprinting by younger tectonic events, for example at 1100-930 Ma or 600500 Ma or in both of these episodes. ...
rift valley - National Geographic
... Rift lakes, formed as freshwater floods rift valleys, often mark rift valley systems. More than a billion years ago, for instance, the North American plate began a rifting process. A triple junction formed in the middle of the young continent, and deep rift valley developed. Freshwater drained and c ...
... Rift lakes, formed as freshwater floods rift valleys, often mark rift valley systems. More than a billion years ago, for instance, the North American plate began a rifting process. A triple junction formed in the middle of the young continent, and deep rift valley developed. Freshwater drained and c ...
Reference crust-mantle density contrast beneath Antarctica based
... a significant contribution to the gravity field. Another significant gravity field contribution along the continental shelf of Antarctica is due to the presence of large sedimentary basins. Additional large sedimentary deposits exist inland of Antarctica (see Studinger et al., 2003; Bamber et al., 2 ...
... a significant contribution to the gravity field. Another significant gravity field contribution along the continental shelf of Antarctica is due to the presence of large sedimentary basins. Additional large sedimentary deposits exist inland of Antarctica (see Studinger et al., 2003; Bamber et al., 2 ...
Detrital Zircon Evidence for Mixing of Mazatzal Province Age
... (Blue Springs Schist and Estadio Canyon Schist), a metarhyolite unit (Blue Springs Metarhyolite), and an amphibolite unit (Figure 3). These rocks sit in the middle of a ~ 2.5 km – 3 km wide syncline and represent relatively young Paleoproterozoic rocks in the Manzano Mountains. Each of these units i ...
... (Blue Springs Schist and Estadio Canyon Schist), a metarhyolite unit (Blue Springs Metarhyolite), and an amphibolite unit (Figure 3). These rocks sit in the middle of a ~ 2.5 km – 3 km wide syncline and represent relatively young Paleoproterozoic rocks in the Manzano Mountains. Each of these units i ...
Tsunami ppt - Elder Grove
... overriding plage. The result is an accumulation of energy very similar to the energy stored in a compressed spring. Energy can accumulate in the overriding plate over a long period of time - decades or even centuries. ...
... overriding plage. The result is an accumulation of energy very similar to the energy stored in a compressed spring. Energy can accumulate in the overriding plate over a long period of time - decades or even centuries. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... delamination [Garzione et al., 2008; Molnar and Garzione, 2007; Pope and Willett, 1998; Tao and O’Connell, 1992], increasing trench-ward motion (westward drift) of the South American plate [Silver et al., 1998; Wdowinski and O’Connell, 1991], and along-strike crustal flow [Yang et al., 2003]. Most w ...
... delamination [Garzione et al., 2008; Molnar and Garzione, 2007; Pope and Willett, 1998; Tao and O’Connell, 1992], increasing trench-ward motion (westward drift) of the South American plate [Silver et al., 1998; Wdowinski and O’Connell, 1991], and along-strike crustal flow [Yang et al., 2003]. Most w ...
Large igneous province
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including liquid rock (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive), when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with plate tectonics. Types of LIPs can include large volcanic provinces (LVP), created through flood basalt and large plutonic provinces (LPP). Eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurred in the past 250 million years, creating volcanic provinces, which coincided with mass extinctions in prehistoric times. Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the preexisting climate state, and the biota resilience to change.