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QUANTUM GEOMETRY OF BOSONIC STRINGS
QUANTUM GEOMETRY OF BOSONIC STRINGS

... There are methods and formulae in science, which serve as master-keys to many apparently different problems. The resources o f such things have to be refilled from time to time. In my opinion at the present time we have to develop an art of handling sums over random surfaces. These sums replace the ...
LHC Physics Goals
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... This introduces three new fields, which, eventually show up as W+, W and Z0. (!!!) LHC Physics Goals ...
THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

... first half of the twentieth century, the question was asked: “How should one reconcile Quantum Mechanics with Einstein’s theory of Special Relativity? ” As we shall explain, Quantum Field Theory is the answer to this question. Our first intuitions would be, and indeed were, quite different[1]. One w ...
Gauges - ETH Zürich
Gauges - ETH Zürich

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string theory.
string theory.

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Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: An Overview
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: An Overview

... new concept. The equations that supported its existence go all the way back to the 1960s when the Standard Model was emerging. However, its true existence wasnt confirmed until 2012, when a team of CERN scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) found the particle while testing some collisions. T ...
RENORMALIZATION AND GAUGE INVARIANCE∗
RENORMALIZATION AND GAUGE INVARIANCE∗

... so the uncertainties ∆x in space in general will obey |∆x| > ~/E . The finite theory depends on finite values of its mass parameters and coupling strengths, but as soon as we modify our choice for the lattice length a , one finds that these bare parameters have to be modified as well. It so happens ...
Precision measurements
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ppt - UCSB Physics

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Particle accelerator goes boldly where none have gone before
Particle accelerator goes boldly where none have gone before

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Particle Physics
Particle Physics

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WHAT IS A PHOTON? Spontaneous emission
WHAT IS A PHOTON? Spontaneous emission

... Instead, one must use a new class of models that go under the heading of quantum field theory. The reasons for this necessity are relatively simple if one focuses on spontaneous emission in atoms. This is where an atom in an excited state will spontaneously decay to a lower energy state (and emit on ...
Electroweak Interactions : Neutral currents in neutrino`lepton elastic
Electroweak Interactions : Neutral currents in neutrino`lepton elastic

... This principle was introduced through the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the electroweak gauge group SU (2)L U (1)Y to the remaining unbroken abelian group U (1)Q of electromagnetism. (This mechanism, developped by Higgs, Brout & Englert also explained, as a consequence of the spontaneous breakdow ...
The Standard Model and its Simple Extensions
The Standard Model and its Simple Extensions

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Introduction to Strings
Introduction to Strings

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On-Shell Methods in Quantum Field Theory
On-Shell Methods in Quantum Field Theory

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Where is Fundamental Physics Heading?
Where is Fundamental Physics Heading?

... • This particle gives mass to matter particles and to the particles of the weak force. • In 2012 the Higgs particle was discovered at the LHC. • This was the last discovered element of the Standard Model. Its mass is the last measured parameter. ...
142.091 Particle Physics Concepts and Experimental Tests
142.091 Particle Physics Concepts and Experimental Tests

... •  Anderson et al: Observation of a particle with properties compatible with ‘Yukawa’ Meson •  Powell et al (1945): observation of another particle with similar mass •  Conversi (1946) shows that the Anderson meson is not strongly interacting •  1947: Marshak points out -  there are two ‘lightweight ...
SOME REMARKS ON THE BOSON MASS SPECTRUM IN A 3-3
SOME REMARKS ON THE BOSON MASS SPECTRUM IN A 3-3

... However, a special and unexplored yet opportunity is offered by our method. It was for the first time mentioned by Cotăescu in a communication [40] on the well known Pisano-Pleitez-Frampton 3-3-1 model [41, 42] and consequently developed in a regular paper devoted to exactly solving this model [43]. ...
Flavour from accidental symmetries
Flavour from accidental symmetries

... single relatively light vectorlike family of “messengers” Ψ + Ψ, with Ψ = Q, U c , Dc , L, N c , E c , and from the breaking pattern of the gauge group. We also consider the possibility of heavy Higgs messenger fields H = Hu , Hd . Since Ψ has the same SM quantum numbers as ψi , we use a discrete Z2 ...
Diapositive 1
Diapositive 1

... gauge is a superposition of quarks and gluons in another. Different ways of gluon field gauge fixing predetermine different decompositions of the coupled quark-gluon fields into quark and gluon degrees of freedom. [Bashinsky, Jaffe (1998)] ...
Dynamical Conformal and Electro
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Tricking the Uncertainty Principle?
Tricking the Uncertainty Principle?

... fuzziness of the universe at microscopic scales. Quantum mechanics revealed that particles are not just tiny marbles that act like ordinary objects we can see and touch. Instead of being in a particular place at a particular time, particles actually exist in a haze of probability. Their chances of b ...
Unification of Quantum Statistics ? It`s possible with quaternions to
Unification of Quantum Statistics ? It`s possible with quaternions to

... become another time “fermions”, and then they become another time “bosons” with a second BoseEinstein condensation this possibility can explain High Temperature Superconductivity Material. But if you see well you can explain the Helium properties phase changing in low temperature physics because whe ...
Vacuum Energy and Effective Potentials
Vacuum Energy and Effective Potentials

... a constant, it does not have any observable effects besides renormalizing the cosmological constant Λ. Consequently, most of the time we do not pay any attention to the vacuum energy or its divergences. But sometimes the vacuum energy depends on some parameters of the theory that we may vary, and th ...
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Higgs mechanism

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property ""mass"" for gauge bosons. Without the Higgs mechanism, or some other effect like it, all bosons (a type of fundamental particle) would be massless, but measurements show that the W+, W−, and Z bosons actually have relatively large masses of around 80 GeV/c2. The Higgs field resolves this conundrum. The simplest description of the mechanism adds a quantum field (the Higgs field) that permeates all space, to the Standard Model. Below some extremely high temperature, the field causes spontaneous symmetry breaking during interactions. The breaking of symmetry triggers the Higgs mechanism, causing the bosons it interacts with to have mass. In the Standard Model, the phrase ""Higgs mechanism"" refers specifically to the generation of masses for the W±, and Z weak gauge bosons through electroweak symmetry breaking. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced results consistent with the Higgs particle on March 14, 2013, making it extremely likely that the field, or one like it, exists, and explaining how the Higgs mechanism takes place in nature.The mechanism was proposed in 1962 by Philip Warren Anderson, following work in the late 1950s on symmetry breaking in superconductivity and a 1960 paper by Yoichiro Nambu that discussed its application within particle physics. A theory able to finally explain mass generation without ""breaking"" gauge theory was published almost simultaneously by three independent groups in 1964: by Robert Brout and François Englert; by Peter Higgs; and by Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble. The Higgs mechanism is therefore also called the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism or Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism, Anderson–Higgs mechanism, Anderson–Higgs-Kibble mechanism, Higgs–Kibble mechanism by Abdus Salam and ABEGHHK'tH mechanism [for Anderson, Brout, Englert, Guralnik, Hagen, Higgs, Kibble and 't Hooft] by Peter Higgs.On October 8, 2013, following the discovery at CERN's Large Hadron Collider of a new particle that appeared to be the long-sought Higgs boson predicted by the theory, it was announced that Peter Higgs and François Englert had been awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics (Englert's co-author Robert Brout had died in 2011 and the Nobel Prize is not usually awarded posthumously).
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