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A-level Geography Teaching Guidance GEOG Unit 3
A-level Geography Teaching Guidance GEOG Unit 3

... some low level cloud. [Linkage of 3 characteristics to an anticyclone - mist, clear skies and wispy clouds, so Level 2 awarded. There is some confusion regarding stratus cloud, and fog, but enough is creditworthy with references to temperature inversions and sinking air] There are hot air balloons i ...
Name - Cedar Hill ISD
Name - Cedar Hill ISD

... Effect: ...
LOCAL AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY
LOCAL AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY

... form as the rocks covering the granite are eroded away, reducing the mass of overlying rock. This is the process of unloading. Unloading results in expansion of the rocks nearing the Earth’s surface, which results in horizontal cracking. As groundwater moves into the joints it begins to react with t ...
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics

... • An ocean plate and a continental plate hit head-on. The ocean plate subducts under the continent forming a trench. The subducting plate melts. Magma rises to the surface creating a string of volcanic mountains parallel to the shoreline. ...
Rock Cycle - SchoolSpeak
Rock Cycle - SchoolSpeak

An immense shield volcano within the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau
An immense shield volcano within the Shatsky Rise oceanic plateau

... any geoscientists consider that oceanic plateaux and continental flood basalt provinces (CFBP) have similar origins and are caused by massive eruptions associated with the arrival of the rising head of a hot mantle plume at the base of the lithosphere1–4 . An alternative explanation is decompression ...
magma or lava
magma or lava

... Magma/Lava Temperatures • Lava usually 700ºC to 1,200ºC • Magma hotter, but can’t measure reliably • Mafic lava nonexplosive, easier to measure • Felsic more explosive, harder to measure • New igneous rocks take years or millennia to cool ...
Characteristics of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain
Characteristics of the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain

... but this change is difficult to interpret. A locus of several shields trends northeast to intersect the Aleutian Trench (Fig. 1). Also, a broad, smooth topographic high trends to the north-west. Using the data of Table 2 to extrapolate to a possible age for this northern bend, we find that all value ...
Chapter 2: Global Tectonics Our Dynamic Planet Introduction
Chapter 2: Global Tectonics Our Dynamic Planet Introduction

... Thrust faults are fracture surfaces that dip at an angle between the horizontal and the vertical (convergent motion within a volume of rock). − Motion is partly horizontal, partly vertical. Normal faults are fracture surfaces that also dip (divergent motion with and between bodies of rock). − Motion ...
Magma Viscosity Quiz
Magma Viscosity Quiz

... 4. Magma viscosity is primarily dependent upon which combination of factors? a) Water content and temperature of magma. b) Water content and pressure of magma. c) Depth of magma source and gas content of magma. d) Composition and temperature of magma. e) Basalt content and gas content of magma. 5. W ...
Holocene yardangs in volcanic terrains in the southern Andes
Holocene yardangs in volcanic terrains in the southern Andes

the free PDF resource
the free PDF resource

Unit 2 Student Parent Eve
Unit 2 Student Parent Eve

... last for longer than they currently do, perhaps leading to storms combining to form even large storm systems. Temperature increase could also climate patterns such as El Nino events. ...
bubbles - Nevada Mining Association
bubbles - Nevada Mining Association

... the lava was hot worked their way out and left open channels rather than closed bubbles.  The relative viscosity of the material determines whether gases escape quietly. The lavas in Hawaii can be viewed in safety because they are not very viscous due to their chemical composition, even though they ...
Sea floor spreading= the process by which new oceanic crust is
Sea floor spreading= the process by which new oceanic crust is

Melting and Crystallisation
Melting and Crystallisation

... from fine volcanic ash to large boulders. This material may be formed when rising pressure inside a magma chamber 'unblocks' a vent which was blocked by solidification of lava from an earlier eruption. Alternatively, the presence of large quantities of dissolved gases, especially in a rhyolitic magm ...
Regional Processes 1.3.1
Regional Processes 1.3.1

... occurs and the volcano ejects rock fragments, which may range in size from fine volcanic ash to large boulders. This material may be formed when rising pressure inside a magma chamber 'unblocks' a vent which was blocked by solidification of lava from an earlier eruption. Alternatively, the presence ...
Chapter 3
Chapter 3

Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes

... Earth’s crust that determine the direction of movement. Some plates like the North American and Eurasian plates, are moving in opposite directions, away from each other. This type of movement mostly happens under the oceans. As the plates move apart, the ‘gap’ is filled by magma rising up from the m ...
Geology and Geothermal Systems in the Bajawa Volcanic Rift Zone
Geology and Geothermal Systems in the Bajawa Volcanic Rift Zone

... Regional tectonic setting of the Bajawa geothermal field is characterized by the NNW-SSE left-lateral shear stress accommodated between the north-moving Australia continent in the east and relatively stable “Sundaland” continent in the west. In accordance with this stress regime, an inner volcanic a ...
Chapter 13 Notes
Chapter 13 Notes

... • As bodies of magma rise toward the surface, they become larger in two ways. • First, because they are so hot, they can melt some of the surrounding rock. • Second, as the magma rises, it is forced into cracks in the surrounding rock. • As lava flows from an opening, or vent, the material may build ...
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks

... Mafic Volcanism, Hawaii ...
Outline of Geology of Iceland Chapman Conference 2012
Outline of Geology of Iceland Chapman Conference 2012

... of linear volcanic fissures that are confined to narrow belts commonly referred to as volcanic zones (Fig. 1.2). The volcanic zones are connected by large transform faults known as fracture zones or when volcanically active as volcanic belts. Together, these structures cover about one third of Icela ...
Chapter 4 2004.ppt
Chapter 4 2004.ppt

... Continental plate – continental plate convergence • Two continents may approach each other and collide. • As the sea floor that lies between them is subducted, the ocean becomes narrower and narrower until the continents collide with each other. • One continent may slide a short distance beneath a ...
Chapter4.pdf
Chapter4.pdf

... Continental plate – continental plate convergence • Two continents may approach each other and collide. • As the sea floor that lies between them is subducted, the ocean becomes narrower and narrower until the continents collide with each other. • One continent may slide a short distance beneath an ...
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Volcano



A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle. Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's interior plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of ""plate hypothesis"" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called ""hotspots"", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. One such hazard is that volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the turbine blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines.
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