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Quantum Theory 1 - Class Exercise 4
Quantum Theory 1 - Class Exercise 4

... Quantum Theory 1 - Class Exercise 4 1. Consider a Hamiltonian which describes a one dimensional system of two particles of masses m1 and m2 moving in a potential that depends only on the distance between them. Ĥ = ...
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Fermion Mixtures in an Optical Lattice

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... The concept of exchange particles is difficult to support at A level since experimental evidence remains the province of high energy laboratories. Before introducing the concept, it is essential to have introduced students to photons as wavepackets of electromagnetic waves and it is helpful if stude ...
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Lorentz Invaiance Violation and Granularity of space time
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... Ordinary Matter is composed of protons and neutrons (uud and udd quark combinations) and electrons (e-). Electron neutrinos (e) from the sun traverse out bodies at a rate of about 1013 per second. ...
< 1 ... 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 ... 447 >

Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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