AbdolnaserFazlnia-Word offic file
... fractional crystallization in these rocks during formatting. No sign of metamorphism was observed in the Mamakan gabbroic intrusions but a strong, mylonitic deformation is however visible in some gabbroic outcrops. This observation points to a more ductile (and/or deeper) deformation, which could be ...
... fractional crystallization in these rocks during formatting. No sign of metamorphism was observed in the Mamakan gabbroic intrusions but a strong, mylonitic deformation is however visible in some gabbroic outcrops. This observation points to a more ductile (and/or deeper) deformation, which could be ...
MANTLE GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS AND MANTLE DYNAMICS and the
... During the time that seafloor spreading was being recognized as the surface expression of a convecting Earth, hotspots were also being attributed to mantle processes, separate from, but consistent with, the plate tectonic paradigm. Wilson [1963] introduced the concept that the age progression along ...
... During the time that seafloor spreading was being recognized as the surface expression of a convecting Earth, hotspots were also being attributed to mantle processes, separate from, but consistent with, the plate tectonic paradigm. Wilson [1963] introduced the concept that the age progression along ...
Normal faulting in the upper plate of a metamorphic core complex
... In the northern Snake Range, most of the Mesozoic metamorphic fabrics in lower plate rocks are overprinted by Cenozoic metamorphism and deformation related to extension and deformation along the NSRD. The NSRD forms part of a more extensive fault system that extends about 150 km along strike from th ...
... In the northern Snake Range, most of the Mesozoic metamorphic fabrics in lower plate rocks are overprinted by Cenozoic metamorphism and deformation related to extension and deformation along the NSRD. The NSRD forms part of a more extensive fault system that extends about 150 km along strike from th ...
Melting of the Uppermost Metasomatized Asthenosphere Triggered
... volcanism (Gill, 1981; Tatsumi et al., 1983; Stolper & Newman, 1994). Relative enrichment of fluid-mobile elements, such as large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) in volcanic rocks from subduction zones has been ...
... volcanism (Gill, 1981; Tatsumi et al., 1983; Stolper & Newman, 1994). Relative enrichment of fluid-mobile elements, such as large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) in volcanic rocks from subduction zones has been ...
Chapter 8 - New Zealand Society of Soil Sciences
... On some of the hill country around the Pauatahanui arm of the Porirua Harbou r, and east of Wellington Harbour and the Hutt Valley, the soils undergo a marked change. Whereas Belmo nt/Ju dgeford soils are friable silt loams (with o nly 20 - 30 percent of clay), the Paremata and Taita soils (Fig. 1.1 ...
... On some of the hill country around the Pauatahanui arm of the Porirua Harbou r, and east of Wellington Harbour and the Hutt Valley, the soils undergo a marked change. Whereas Belmo nt/Ju dgeford soils are friable silt loams (with o nly 20 - 30 percent of clay), the Paremata and Taita soils (Fig. 1.1 ...
Ischuk, A., R. Bendick, A. Rybin, P. Molnar, S. F. Khan, S. Kuzikov, S. Mohadjer, U. Saydullaev, Z.
... Trans-Alai Thrust, which bounds the Pamir on the north, consistent with southward subduction of intact lithosphere. Another 10–15 mm/yr of shortening is distributed across the Chitral Himalaya and Hindu Kush, suggesting that Hindu Kush seismicity might be related to northward subduction of Indian li ...
... Trans-Alai Thrust, which bounds the Pamir on the north, consistent with southward subduction of intact lithosphere. Another 10–15 mm/yr of shortening is distributed across the Chitral Himalaya and Hindu Kush, suggesting that Hindu Kush seismicity might be related to northward subduction of Indian li ...
The life cycle of suprasubduction zone ophiolites
... [1] Abstract: Suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites display a consistent sequence of events during their formation and evolution that suggests that they form in response to processes that are common to all such ophiolites. This sequence includes the following: (1) birth, which entails the formation ...
... [1] Abstract: Suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites display a consistent sequence of events during their formation and evolution that suggests that they form in response to processes that are common to all such ophiolites. This sequence includes the following: (1) birth, which entails the formation ...
Shervais, J.W., 2001, Birth, Death, and Resurrection: The Life Cycle
... [1] Abstract: Suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites display a consistent sequence of events during their formation and evolution that suggests that they form in response to processes that are common to all such ophiolites. This sequence includes the following: (1) birth, which entails the formation ...
... [1] Abstract: Suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites display a consistent sequence of events during their formation and evolution that suggests that they form in response to processes that are common to all such ophiolites. This sequence includes the following: (1) birth, which entails the formation ...
PDF
... 1997; Stern et al., 2003; Tamura et al., 2007; Tatsumi and Eggins, 1995]. Isotopic compositions also typically vary, with the transition from VF to RA marked by decreasingly radiogenic Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb, although there are exceptions to this [Hochstaedter et al., 2001; Shibata and Nakamura, 1997; T ...
... 1997; Stern et al., 2003; Tamura et al., 2007; Tatsumi and Eggins, 1995]. Isotopic compositions also typically vary, with the transition from VF to RA marked by decreasingly radiogenic Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb, although there are exceptions to this [Hochstaedter et al., 2001; Shibata and Nakamura, 1997; T ...
Article - The Oceanography Society
... Geological Set ting Seamounts form in an oceanic geological setting that is much more dynamic than the continents, resulting in much larger vertical and horizontal displacements. Oceanic crust flexes and bends relatively ...
... Geological Set ting Seamounts form in an oceanic geological setting that is much more dynamic than the continents, resulting in much larger vertical and horizontal displacements. Oceanic crust flexes and bends relatively ...
Chapter 8
... change their mineral composition or texture, or both. All this occurs below the melting point in the solid state. ...
... change their mineral composition or texture, or both. All this occurs below the melting point in the solid state. ...
OKINAWA TROUGH: ORIGIN OF A BACK
... High seismicity is associated with the length of Okinawa Trough and the Ryukyu Arc and Trench (Barazangi and Dorman, 1969). Katsumata and Sykes (1969) demonstrated that the seismic activity is concentrated along a northwestward-dipping plane extending from the region of the Ryukyu Trench beneath the ...
... High seismicity is associated with the length of Okinawa Trough and the Ryukyu Arc and Trench (Barazangi and Dorman, 1969). Katsumata and Sykes (1969) demonstrated that the seismic activity is concentrated along a northwestward-dipping plane extending from the region of the Ryukyu Trench beneath the ...
Earth`s Systems - Kenai Peninsula Borough School District
... local weather patterns. (MS-ESS2-5) Global movements of water and its changes in form are propelled by sunlight and gravity. (MS-ESS2-4) Variations in density due to variations in temperature and salinity drive a global pattern of interconnected ocean currents. (MS-ESS2-6) Water’s movements—both on ...
... local weather patterns. (MS-ESS2-5) Global movements of water and its changes in form are propelled by sunlight and gravity. (MS-ESS2-4) Variations in density due to variations in temperature and salinity drive a global pattern of interconnected ocean currents. (MS-ESS2-6) Water’s movements—both on ...
Simonson_2003.pdf
... tectonics is thought to have increased (sometimes by more than a factor of two) the thickness of the Earth’s crust. Extensional structures, including high and low angle normal faults, detachment faults, metamorphic core complexes and vertically thinning ductile shear zones have been observed in regi ...
... tectonics is thought to have increased (sometimes by more than a factor of two) the thickness of the Earth’s crust. Extensional structures, including high and low angle normal faults, detachment faults, metamorphic core complexes and vertically thinning ductile shear zones have been observed in regi ...
Kerguelen Hotspot Magma Output since 130 Ma
... another consisting of a single, but dismembered plume source. ...
... another consisting of a single, but dismembered plume source. ...
Crustal thickening and lateral extrusion during the Indo
... thickness is poorly constrained, but likely lies between 30 and 45 km, a range encompassing the crustal thickness of the India shield and most lowland Asian continent. Accordingly, 1.1–0.65× 108 km3 of crustal mass (Vt in Fig. 2) has been added to build today's Tibetan Plateau. ...
... thickness is poorly constrained, but likely lies between 30 and 45 km, a range encompassing the crustal thickness of the India shield and most lowland Asian continent. Accordingly, 1.1–0.65× 108 km3 of crustal mass (Vt in Fig. 2) has been added to build today's Tibetan Plateau. ...
`Azores Hotspot`a Wetspot?
... topography transected by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) axis and bounded to the north by the slow-spreading Terceira Rift and to the south by the Azores^Gibraltar Fracture Zone. At the junction between three major lithospheric platesçthe North American, African and Eurasian platesçthe Azores islands a ...
... topography transected by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) axis and bounded to the north by the slow-spreading Terceira Rift and to the south by the Azores^Gibraltar Fracture Zone. At the junction between three major lithospheric platesçthe North American, African and Eurasian platesçthe Azores islands a ...
A new look at the Altaids: A superorogenic complex in northern and
... are available, geology alone guided the reconstruction. For this we first estimated, on the basis of regional structure and stratigraphy, and course of surmised evolution, where the unit would fit as was done by Şengör et al. (1993) and Şengör and Natal'in (1996). Then we checked about it whether th ...
... are available, geology alone guided the reconstruction. For this we first estimated, on the basis of regional structure and stratigraphy, and course of surmised evolution, where the unit would fit as was done by Şengör et al. (1993) and Şengör and Natal'in (1996). Then we checked about it whether th ...
An electrical resistivity model of the southeast Australian lithosphere
... A combination of magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding data were used to attempt to image the electrical resistivity structure of southeast Australia, to investigate the physical state of the crust and upper mantle. A 3D forward model of southeast Australia comprised of regional sets of bro ...
... A combination of magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding data were used to attempt to image the electrical resistivity structure of southeast Australia, to investigate the physical state of the crust and upper mantle. A 3D forward model of southeast Australia comprised of regional sets of bro ...
A 3-D geodynamic model of lateral crustal flow
... be ~4.1x106 km3 (Fig. 1). Assuming Airy isostasy and average crust and mantle densities of 2830 - 2870 and 3300 kg m-3, the observed crustal volume added by mountain building is 29 - 31x106 km3. This volume can be compared to that expected assuming a spatial pattern of shortening. Shortening estimat ...
... be ~4.1x106 km3 (Fig. 1). Assuming Airy isostasy and average crust and mantle densities of 2830 - 2870 and 3300 kg m-3, the observed crustal volume added by mountain building is 29 - 31x106 km3. This volume can be compared to that expected assuming a spatial pattern of shortening. Shortening estimat ...
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of oceanic plutonic rocks
... Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A. Abstract-Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data from three suites of modern oceanic plutonic rocks are presented: (a) dredged gabbro, diorite, and aplite from the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge; (b) dredged gabbro, p ...
... Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, U.S.A. Abstract-Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data from three suites of modern oceanic plutonic rocks are presented: (a) dredged gabbro, diorite, and aplite from the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge; (b) dredged gabbro, p ...
GSA Bulletin: Late Cenozoic tectonics of the central and southern
... noted in this article. Probably the earliest study that specifically focused on the uplift of the present-day ranges was that of Christensen (1965), who recognized that the Coast Ranges as we know them are younger than 3–4 Ma. Subsequent writings on uplift of the ranges include Page (1981, p. 415–41 ...
... noted in this article. Probably the earliest study that specifically focused on the uplift of the present-day ranges was that of Christensen (1965), who recognized that the Coast Ranges as we know them are younger than 3–4 Ma. Subsequent writings on uplift of the ranges include Page (1981, p. 415–41 ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.