The early interaction between the Caribbean Plateau and the NW
... shortly after the eruption of the plateau, resulting in the formation of part of the Great Arc of the Caribbean. Earlier interpretations, which proposed that the Pujilı́ Granite represents fragments of Triassic plutons that are currently exposed in the Eastern Cordillera, and became incorporated int ...
... shortly after the eruption of the plateau, resulting in the formation of part of the Great Arc of the Caribbean. Earlier interpretations, which proposed that the Pujilı́ Granite represents fragments of Triassic plutons that are currently exposed in the Eastern Cordillera, and became incorporated int ...
Whole-mantle convection and plate tectonics
... uniform, contrary to a widely-held view, except possibly in the oceanic upper mantle. Phase changes may locally enhance or retard thermal convection, but are unlikely to prevent it. It is not necessary to assume that descending lithospheric slabs cannot penetrate below 700 km depth in order to expla ...
... uniform, contrary to a widely-held view, except possibly in the oceanic upper mantle. Phase changes may locally enhance or retard thermal convection, but are unlikely to prevent it. It is not necessary to assume that descending lithospheric slabs cannot penetrate below 700 km depth in order to expla ...
S11 NSCI 342 Packet Part A
... the gap created where the two plates are moving apart, just as water rises to fill in the gap between two pieces of floating wood that are drifting apart (see diagram below). As the mantle asthenosphere passively rises, it partially melts--again, we'll find out why it melts when we study the origin ...
... the gap created where the two plates are moving apart, just as water rises to fill in the gap between two pieces of floating wood that are drifting apart (see diagram below). As the mantle asthenosphere passively rises, it partially melts--again, we'll find out why it melts when we study the origin ...
seismic waves
... • 2 layers—a solid inner core; liquid outer core. – The inner core is solid due to great pressure. – The outer core is under less pressure and flows in a liquid phase. Earth’s magnetic field generating flowing molten core. ...
... • 2 layers—a solid inner core; liquid outer core. – The inner core is solid due to great pressure. – The outer core is under less pressure and flows in a liquid phase. Earth’s magnetic field generating flowing molten core. ...
The Azores - Triple Junction and Hot spot
... • Plume of solid, but hotter material rising by buoyancy from depth in the mantle • Melt formed near the surface, feeds volcanoes of hotspot ...
... • Plume of solid, but hotter material rising by buoyancy from depth in the mantle • Melt formed near the surface, feeds volcanoes of hotspot ...
Planet Earth
... Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates break or move suddenly Types of Rock Movement in Earthquakes - where the plates meet, the rock is under great pressure, which can make it bend and stretch when the pressure is too great, the rock breaks suddenly creating a fault - there are three types of movem ...
... Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates break or move suddenly Types of Rock Movement in Earthquakes - where the plates meet, the rock is under great pressure, which can make it bend and stretch when the pressure is too great, the rock breaks suddenly creating a fault - there are three types of movem ...
Proterozoic subduction-related and continental rift
... magmas vary from highly depleted mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) to enriched OIB compositions6,21 overprinted with subduction fluid/melt related geochemical signatures. Similarly, modern lines of research have recognized that oceanic island basalts are largely derived from sublithospheric mantle sou ...
... magmas vary from highly depleted mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) to enriched OIB compositions6,21 overprinted with subduction fluid/melt related geochemical signatures. Similarly, modern lines of research have recognized that oceanic island basalts are largely derived from sublithospheric mantle sou ...
Differentiation and Cryovolcanism in the Pluto
... research group of the Pluto-Charon system have predicted the following: (1) Long-lived radionuclide decay in KBOs ~1000 km in radius leads to rock-ice separation within ~107 yr, but differentiation is only partial—a rock and ice crust tens of km thick should remain [1]. (2) Subsurface liquid, aided ...
... research group of the Pluto-Charon system have predicted the following: (1) Long-lived radionuclide decay in KBOs ~1000 km in radius leads to rock-ice separation within ~107 yr, but differentiation is only partial—a rock and ice crust tens of km thick should remain [1]. (2) Subsurface liquid, aided ...
Document
... • Note the abrupt bend about 44 millions years before the present, which indicates a major reorganization of plate motion at that time. • While some think it was the collision of India with the ...
... • Note the abrupt bend about 44 millions years before the present, which indicates a major reorganization of plate motion at that time. • While some think it was the collision of India with the ...
Doglioni et al Mantle wedge asymmetries and geochemical
... the accretionary prism and the belt of the upper plate, the thickness and composition of the upper and lower plates, gravity, magnetic and heat flow anomalies, seismicity and slab dip. Therefore, there is a long list of parameters, which are relevant to the geometry and evolution of each particular s ...
... the accretionary prism and the belt of the upper plate, the thickness and composition of the upper and lower plates, gravity, magnetic and heat flow anomalies, seismicity and slab dip. Therefore, there is a long list of parameters, which are relevant to the geometry and evolution of each particular s ...
Mantle convection in the Middle East_ Reconciling Afar upwelling
... Clayton, 1989; Lithgow-Bertelloni and Silver, 1998; Moucha and Forte, 2011). We solve the Stokes equation for incompressible flow in a global, spherical shell using a finite-element approach (Zhong et al., 2000). The basic approach is discussed in Becker and Faccenna (2011) and Miller and Becker (2012 ...
... Clayton, 1989; Lithgow-Bertelloni and Silver, 1998; Moucha and Forte, 2011). We solve the Stokes equation for incompressible flow in a global, spherical shell using a finite-element approach (Zhong et al., 2000). The basic approach is discussed in Becker and Faccenna (2011) and Miller and Becker (2012 ...
Morphology of the distorted subducted Pacific slab beneath the
... Gorbatov and Kennett (2003) together with a new P-wave tomographic inversion were produced from the same arrival-time data. The detailed joint inversion datasets used an inversion algorithm introduced by Kennett et al. (1998) that was then adapted by Gorbatov and Kennett (2003) to include 3D ray tra ...
... Gorbatov and Kennett (2003) together with a new P-wave tomographic inversion were produced from the same arrival-time data. The detailed joint inversion datasets used an inversion algorithm introduced by Kennett et al. (1998) that was then adapted by Gorbatov and Kennett (2003) to include 3D ray tra ...
Upper mantle flow in the western Mediterranean
... during the Variscan orogeny outcrop. The lithospheric base, generally around 80–90 km deep, is interpreted to be much shallower (around 50 km) below the Cenozoic Massif Central alkaline volcanic province. Since the crust is not thinned accordingly, the volcanism and the asthenosphere upwelling are i ...
... during the Variscan orogeny outcrop. The lithospheric base, generally around 80–90 km deep, is interpreted to be much shallower (around 50 km) below the Cenozoic Massif Central alkaline volcanic province. Since the crust is not thinned accordingly, the volcanism and the asthenosphere upwelling are i ...
Seismic structure of Cocos and Malpelo Volcanic Ridges and
... thought to be the result of the interaction between the Galapagos hot spot and the CocosNazca Spreading Center during the last 20 m.y. In this work we investigate the seismic structure of these two aseismic ridges along three wide-angle transects acquired during the Panama basin and Galapagos plume— ...
... thought to be the result of the interaction between the Galapagos hot spot and the CocosNazca Spreading Center during the last 20 m.y. In this work we investigate the seismic structure of these two aseismic ridges along three wide-angle transects acquired during the Panama basin and Galapagos plume— ...
The discovery of a conjugate system of faults in the Wharton Basin
... Ocean (32), coinciding with the uplift of the Himalayas (33). For F6b1, we find two distinct slopes, corresponding to the age variations from 0 to 7 My and 7 to 17.5 My, which could be due to a change in either the sedimentation or the deformation rate. This transition at ~7 My corresponds to the up ...
... Ocean (32), coinciding with the uplift of the Himalayas (33). For F6b1, we find two distinct slopes, corresponding to the age variations from 0 to 7 My and 7 to 17.5 My, which could be due to a change in either the sedimentation or the deformation rate. This transition at ~7 My corresponds to the up ...
Tectonic processes and hazards - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... Convection is created in the mantle by heat radiating outwards from the inner core. The mantle material, mostly peridotite, is under pressure due to depth and when heated behaves like a viscous liquid. This process has been proven by scientific formulae, such as the Rayleigh-Benard theory, rather th ...
... Convection is created in the mantle by heat radiating outwards from the inner core. The mantle material, mostly peridotite, is under pressure due to depth and when heated behaves like a viscous liquid. This process has been proven by scientific formulae, such as the Rayleigh-Benard theory, rather th ...
The American Cordillera: Part III, The North American Taphrogen
... by the hypothetical slab depth contours in this figure). This is not a new idea; it was suggested by Livaccari et al, 1981, Henderson et al, 1984, Tarduno et al., 1985, and others in the 1980’s. While allowing that subduction of a large oceanic plateau could have contributed to the flattening of the ...
... by the hypothetical slab depth contours in this figure). This is not a new idea; it was suggested by Livaccari et al, 1981, Henderson et al, 1984, Tarduno et al., 1985, and others in the 1980’s. While allowing that subduction of a large oceanic plateau could have contributed to the flattening of the ...
Crustal seismicity and the earthquake catalog maximum moment
... overlying crust scaled by moment magnitude. Only SCR earthquakes are plotted. The majority of Eurasian SCR earthquakes occur in regions with dVS anomalies in the range of 0–2%. Many events in Africa and North America are concentrated at the edges of positive dVS anomalies that correspond to thick li ...
... overlying crust scaled by moment magnitude. Only SCR earthquakes are plotted. The majority of Eurasian SCR earthquakes occur in regions with dVS anomalies in the range of 0–2%. Many events in Africa and North America are concentrated at the edges of positive dVS anomalies that correspond to thick li ...
Numerical comparison of different convergent plate contacts
... pressures and which initially do not contribute to the forcing. The remaining density anomalies (i.e. slab pull forces) are used to drive model deformation and are instantaneously applied at the beginning of the model calculation. The initial bending stresses are not included since we assumed a pre- ...
... pressures and which initially do not contribute to the forcing. The remaining density anomalies (i.e. slab pull forces) are used to drive model deformation and are instantaneously applied at the beginning of the model calculation. The initial bending stresses are not included since we assumed a pre- ...
Mantle transition zone thickness beneath Cameroon
... 42 Ma, and became widespread along the CVL during the Oligocene (Marzoli et al. 1999, 2000). Many of the volcanic centres have had activity in the past one million years (Fitton & Dunlop 1985), with the most recent activity occurring at Mt. Cameroon. The continental portion of the CVL developed with ...
... 42 Ma, and became widespread along the CVL during the Oligocene (Marzoli et al. 1999, 2000). Many of the volcanic centres have had activity in the past one million years (Fitton & Dunlop 1985), with the most recent activity occurring at Mt. Cameroon. The continental portion of the CVL developed with ...
On the role of subducting oceanic plateaus in the development of
... partial melting and associated volcanism. Flat subduction of an even larger scale has been proposed to explain the formation of the Rocky Mountains during the Laramide orogeny (Dickinson and Snyder, 1978; Bird, 1988), although for this event no evidence of subducting oceanic plateaus is available. T ...
... partial melting and associated volcanism. Flat subduction of an even larger scale has been proposed to explain the formation of the Rocky Mountains during the Laramide orogeny (Dickinson and Snyder, 1978; Bird, 1988), although for this event no evidence of subducting oceanic plateaus is available. T ...
8 Multiple plate collisions and the end of the Iapetus Ocean
... relationship between the plates, and strike–slip faults will have a sinistral sense of displacement. The sense of displacement on these structures can be determined from the sense of rotation of fabric components into the fault or shear zone. During oblique convergence or collision, material is move ...
... relationship between the plates, and strike–slip faults will have a sinistral sense of displacement. The sense of displacement on these structures can be determined from the sense of rotation of fabric components into the fault or shear zone. During oblique convergence or collision, material is move ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.