High pore pressures and porosity at 35 km depth in the Cascadia
... subducting oceanic crust and mantle and Ppore decreasing from lithostatic beneath the seal to hydrostatic at the top of the seal. For a seal thickness of 1–1000 m, the estimated permeability of the seal is 10−24 to 10−21 m2 (see the GSA Data Repository1 for calculation details). The plate interface ...
... subducting oceanic crust and mantle and Ppore decreasing from lithostatic beneath the seal to hydrostatic at the top of the seal. For a seal thickness of 1–1000 m, the estimated permeability of the seal is 10−24 to 10−21 m2 (see the GSA Data Repository1 for calculation details). The plate interface ...
Notes for the unit
... Unit 4.1.3 - Analyzing the Earth’s Interior Seismology – the study of earthquakes and their effects Earthquakes Alaska, 1964 - one of the most violent quakes of recent times. - It lasted 7 minutes - It was felt in Texas - The ground moved up and down 6m - A giant ocean wave was set off 200km away, w ...
... Unit 4.1.3 - Analyzing the Earth’s Interior Seismology – the study of earthquakes and their effects Earthquakes Alaska, 1964 - one of the most violent quakes of recent times. - It lasted 7 minutes - It was felt in Texas - The ground moved up and down 6m - A giant ocean wave was set off 200km away, w ...
Final Review - 2016 with answers
... Directions: Below are terms, vocabulary words, and scientific theories and principles that are a part of Earth Science. In order to be prepared for your exam, you need to provide as much information as possible for each. Credit and Extra Credit will be given for this worksheet (exact pages will be a ...
... Directions: Below are terms, vocabulary words, and scientific theories and principles that are a part of Earth Science. In order to be prepared for your exam, you need to provide as much information as possible for each. Credit and Extra Credit will be given for this worksheet (exact pages will be a ...
Seismic tomography
... petrologists want to believe in seismic tomography What Lies Deep in the Mantle Below? “Teleseismic tomography, although sensitive to horizontal variations in seismic wave speed, has virtually no ability to determine depth variations.” ...
... petrologists want to believe in seismic tomography What Lies Deep in the Mantle Below? “Teleseismic tomography, although sensitive to horizontal variations in seismic wave speed, has virtually no ability to determine depth variations.” ...
Ch 3 Seafloor - San Diego Mesa College
... Amazingly, all of these new discoveries can be nicely explained in terms of plate tectonic theory: Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust because it originates not by compressional mountain building but by sea floor spreading. Oceanic sediments are thinner than expected, and sea floor rocks ...
... Amazingly, all of these new discoveries can be nicely explained in terms of plate tectonic theory: Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust because it originates not by compressional mountain building but by sea floor spreading. Oceanic sediments are thinner than expected, and sea floor rocks ...
IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... of energy "Energy can neither be created nor it is destroyed, however energy can be converted from one form energy to any other form of energy". Heat inside the earth is generated mainly by the decay of radioactive elements like thorium, uranium and potassium. The high-speed fragments of the broken ...
... of energy "Energy can neither be created nor it is destroyed, however energy can be converted from one form energy to any other form of energy". Heat inside the earth is generated mainly by the decay of radioactive elements like thorium, uranium and potassium. The high-speed fragments of the broken ...
Beyond Plate Tectonics: “Plate” Dynamics
... official act is to kill off all other potential queens. This is the way strong models operate, whether it is plate tectonics or opposition to cold fusion. To some plate tectonicians, the Meyerhoffs were viewed as crackpots. It is one thing to throw out the interpretation of the facts; it is an enti ...
... official act is to kill off all other potential queens. This is the way strong models operate, whether it is plate tectonics or opposition to cold fusion. To some plate tectonicians, the Meyerhoffs were viewed as crackpots. It is one thing to throw out the interpretation of the facts; it is an enti ...
Crust-mantle structures and Neogene
... A first oceanized area was formed 4-5 Ma ago in the Vavilov basin (A in Fig. 3). Approximately 2 Ma ago it spread towards the southeast and most likely rotated clockwise in the Marsili basin (B in Fig. 3). Tholeiitic basalts dominate both oceanized basins (Vavilov and Marsili). In these basins, on t ...
... A first oceanized area was formed 4-5 Ma ago in the Vavilov basin (A in Fig. 3). Approximately 2 Ma ago it spread towards the southeast and most likely rotated clockwise in the Marsili basin (B in Fig. 3). Tholeiitic basalts dominate both oceanized basins (Vavilov and Marsili). In these basins, on t ...
Evolution of Earth`s Atmosphere
... of ~3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core. The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel. It is not necessarily a solid, but, because it ...
... of ~3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core. The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel. It is not necessarily a solid, but, because it ...
oceanspp115 - PAMS
... • Seamounts are underwater volcanic mountains • They have steep sides and narrow summits and rise more than 1000 meters above the sea floor • When seamounts rise above the surface of the ocean they become islands • Guyots are seamounts that do not rise to a peak or have eroded tops ...
... • Seamounts are underwater volcanic mountains • They have steep sides and narrow summits and rise more than 1000 meters above the sea floor • When seamounts rise above the surface of the ocean they become islands • Guyots are seamounts that do not rise to a peak or have eroded tops ...
Plate tectonics on the terrestrial planets
... stratification is produced and our model indicates that plate tectonics could only operate on reasonable time scales at a potential mantle temperature below about 1300–1400 ◦ C. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Plate tectonics; Oceanic lithosphere; Buoyancy; Terrestrial planets; M ...
... stratification is produced and our model indicates that plate tectonics could only operate on reasonable time scales at a potential mantle temperature below about 1300–1400 ◦ C. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Plate tectonics; Oceanic lithosphere; Buoyancy; Terrestrial planets; M ...
Volcano Intro ppt
... • True primary mantle melts are rare, although the most primitive alkali basalts are thought to represent the best samples of direct mantle melts. • The trace element and isotopic ratio differences among N-MORB (normal), E-MORB (enriched), IAB, and OIB indicate that the Earth’s upper mantle has long ...
... • True primary mantle melts are rare, although the most primitive alkali basalts are thought to represent the best samples of direct mantle melts. • The trace element and isotopic ratio differences among N-MORB (normal), E-MORB (enriched), IAB, and OIB indicate that the Earth’s upper mantle has long ...
Period 8 Volcanism
... sediment sink into the mantle, they are subjected to increasing heat and pressure causing breakdown of hydrous minerals. The water released by this dehydration rises into the overlying, hotter mantle wedge causing partial melting. ...
... sediment sink into the mantle, they are subjected to increasing heat and pressure causing breakdown of hydrous minerals. The water released by this dehydration rises into the overlying, hotter mantle wedge causing partial melting. ...
Alkaline rocks
... Petrology • They have high alkali concentration relative to Si • Ne appears in the norm • Contain feldspathoids, alkali amphibole, alkali pyroxene and many unusual minerals • High concentrations of incompatible trace elements (Zr, Nb, Rb, Ti, P, etc.) ...
... Petrology • They have high alkali concentration relative to Si • Ne appears in the norm • Contain feldspathoids, alkali amphibole, alkali pyroxene and many unusual minerals • High concentrations of incompatible trace elements (Zr, Nb, Rb, Ti, P, etc.) ...
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS
... E. scientists could tell that the continents are still moving today 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the lines of evidence initially used to develop the theory of plate tectonics? A. the shapes of the continents seem to fit so well together B. there are similar fossils of plants and animals o ...
... E. scientists could tell that the continents are still moving today 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the lines of evidence initially used to develop the theory of plate tectonics? A. the shapes of the continents seem to fit so well together B. there are similar fossils of plants and animals o ...
Word
... E. scientists could tell that the continents are still moving today Which of the following is NOT one of the lines of evidence initially used to develop the theory of plate tectonics? A. the shapes of the continents seem to fit so well together B. there are similar fossils of plants and animals on d ...
... E. scientists could tell that the continents are still moving today Which of the following is NOT one of the lines of evidence initially used to develop the theory of plate tectonics? A. the shapes of the continents seem to fit so well together B. there are similar fossils of plants and animals on d ...
What happens when plates diverge - KMS 8th Grade Science
... on your investigation sheet. Calculate the half-spreading rate (Distance ÷ Time) to complete your chart. Don’t forget units! Then, answer Question #12 on your investigation sheet. ...
... on your investigation sheet. Calculate the half-spreading rate (Distance ÷ Time) to complete your chart. Don’t forget units! Then, answer Question #12 on your investigation sheet. ...
Earthquake`s Seismic Waves
... of the plate behind it—evidence suggests this is the main driving force of subduction. Geologists are not sure how deep the oceanic plate sinks before it begins to melt and lose its identity as a rigid slab, but we do know that it remains solid far beyond depths of 100 km beneath the Earth’s surface ...
... of the plate behind it—evidence suggests this is the main driving force of subduction. Geologists are not sure how deep the oceanic plate sinks before it begins to melt and lose its identity as a rigid slab, but we do know that it remains solid far beyond depths of 100 km beneath the Earth’s surface ...
Quiz 3 Study Guide ANSWER KEY
... 10. Use the plate tectonic map on the next page to answer the following questions. a) What type of plate boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? Divergent b) What type or types of crust compose the South American Plate? Continental (landmass of South America) and Oceanic (under the Atlantic Ocean) c) I ...
... 10. Use the plate tectonic map on the next page to answer the following questions. a) What type of plate boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? Divergent b) What type or types of crust compose the South American Plate? Continental (landmass of South America) and Oceanic (under the Atlantic Ocean) c) I ...
Lecture 46
... the deep mantle, incompatible element patterns suggest upper mantle processes (deep mantle melts have very different incompatible element patterns). Thus although they come from the deep mantle, their chemistry bears the signature of upper mantle processing. Slope on 207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb plots su ...
... the deep mantle, incompatible element patterns suggest upper mantle processes (deep mantle melts have very different incompatible element patterns). Thus although they come from the deep mantle, their chemistry bears the signature of upper mantle processing. Slope on 207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb plots su ...
Computational Modeling of Convection in the Earth`s Mantle
... At first glance there seem to be only a few visible expressions of mantle convection. However, most volcanism on Earth’s surface is closely related to the distribution and advection of thermal and chemical heterogeneities in the mantle and at midocean ridges, subduction zones, and oceanic islands, ...
... At first glance there seem to be only a few visible expressions of mantle convection. However, most volcanism on Earth’s surface is closely related to the distribution and advection of thermal and chemical heterogeneities in the mantle and at midocean ridges, subduction zones, and oceanic islands, ...
4TH YEAR - HCC Restless EARTH
... • Crust made up of 7 large tectonic plates and many smaller ones. • Crust is unstable. Plates move according to rising currents called convection currents within the mantle. • The plate movement has its greatest impact where the plates meet. The further from these boundaries between plates the more ...
... • Crust made up of 7 large tectonic plates and many smaller ones. • Crust is unstable. Plates move according to rising currents called convection currents within the mantle. • The plate movement has its greatest impact where the plates meet. The further from these boundaries between plates the more ...
Mountain Belts and Continental Crust
... –Greenstone belts are intensely deformed (folded, faulted, very low-grade metamorphism) and the deformation occurred at the same time as the deposition/eruption. Field relationships are frustratingly complex, but they seem to have extruded onto continental crust, and are intruded by continental gran ...
... –Greenstone belts are intensely deformed (folded, faulted, very low-grade metamorphism) and the deformation occurred at the same time as the deposition/eruption. Field relationships are frustratingly complex, but they seem to have extruded onto continental crust, and are intruded by continental gran ...
the free PDF resource
... The primary effects of an earthquake are the immediate impacts of the ground shaking. The secondary effects happen later on, often as a result of the primary effects. Primary effects ...
... The primary effects of an earthquake are the immediate impacts of the ground shaking. The secondary effects happen later on, often as a result of the primary effects. Primary effects ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.