TT-GCSE-Geog-Revision-Lecture
... 1) The structure of the interior of the earth. 2) How plate tectonics work. 3) The three types of plate boundaries, named examples and how they work. ...
... 1) The structure of the interior of the earth. 2) How plate tectonics work. 3) The three types of plate boundaries, named examples and how they work. ...
Recent tectonic plate decelerations driven by mantle convection
... Figure 2. Upper-mantle buoyancy and its present-day rate of change. Maps of the depth-averaged value of the mantle density anomalies in two depth intervals, (a) 150 –400 km and (b) 400– 1300 km, respectively. The amplitudes, expressed as relative (%) perturbations in density, are defined by the bott ...
... Figure 2. Upper-mantle buoyancy and its present-day rate of change. Maps of the depth-averaged value of the mantle density anomalies in two depth intervals, (a) 150 –400 km and (b) 400– 1300 km, respectively. The amplitudes, expressed as relative (%) perturbations in density, are defined by the bott ...
high-res
... Transform Boundaries Two plates sliding past each other horizontally Example: San Andreas Fault Transform portion: Seismically active part of Fracture Zone Usually between offset ridge segments Plates move parallel to plate margin ...
... Transform Boundaries Two plates sliding past each other horizontally Example: San Andreas Fault Transform portion: Seismically active part of Fracture Zone Usually between offset ridge segments Plates move parallel to plate margin ...
Narrative for “Journey to the Center of the Earth”: Attention! Attention
... Stop Number 7 – Base of the Lithosphere: Here we are at the base of the lithosphere. Notice that the lithosphere consists of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. This boundary is gradual with depth, not an abrupt “discontinuity”. The depth (~50 – 300 km) to the base of the lithosphere is ...
... Stop Number 7 – Base of the Lithosphere: Here we are at the base of the lithosphere. Notice that the lithosphere consists of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. This boundary is gradual with depth, not an abrupt “discontinuity”. The depth (~50 – 300 km) to the base of the lithosphere is ...
Plate Tectonics 3
... National Park Service Figure, Public Domain, http://clasticdetritus.files.wordpress.com/ 2008/02/subduct-nps.jpg ...
... National Park Service Figure, Public Domain, http://clasticdetritus.files.wordpress.com/ 2008/02/subduct-nps.jpg ...
Oblique mid ocean ridge subduction modelling
... Present day examples of ridge-transform systems intersecting convergent margins like the Chile (Nazca-Antarctica), Rivera (Rivera-Pacific) and Mendocino triple junctions [4] indicate that the simultaneous subduction of two adjacent plates along the same trench is not uncommon, and is manifested trou ...
... Present day examples of ridge-transform systems intersecting convergent margins like the Chile (Nazca-Antarctica), Rivera (Rivera-Pacific) and Mendocino triple junctions [4] indicate that the simultaneous subduction of two adjacent plates along the same trench is not uncommon, and is manifested trou ...
Surface-interior exchange on rocky and icy planets
... How does melt flux vary with time and planet mass? What is the role of galactic cosmochemical evolution? Can volcanism occur on volatile-rich planets? ...
... How does melt flux vary with time and planet mass? What is the role of galactic cosmochemical evolution? Can volcanism occur on volatile-rich planets? ...
Packet #9
... Read page#214-220 in your Earth Science textbook. Answer the questions below (specifically for each section of the reading). Remember, try to be honest and not make up any answers. This is a way for me to understand where you are having difficulty. ...
... Read page#214-220 in your Earth Science textbook. Answer the questions below (specifically for each section of the reading). Remember, try to be honest and not make up any answers. This is a way for me to understand where you are having difficulty. ...
Unit 1 - Delmar
... ocean. Fortunately, our planet is made of many types of rock, each with a different density. As gravity pulls the denser rock toward Earth’s center, the less dense rock is pushed toward the surface. The result is a broken, bumpy surface with magnificent mountains of low density rocks and deep ocean ...
... ocean. Fortunately, our planet is made of many types of rock, each with a different density. As gravity pulls the denser rock toward Earth’s center, the less dense rock is pushed toward the surface. The result is a broken, bumpy surface with magnificent mountains of low density rocks and deep ocean ...
Global Kinematics in the Deep Vs Shallow
... result of intraplate plumes (e.g. Hawaii), retrogradation of subducting slabs, migration of backarc spreading, along strike propagation of rifts (e.g. East Africa), or propagation of transform faults with a transtensive component (Chagos?). All those volcanic trails may have different depths of thei ...
... result of intraplate plumes (e.g. Hawaii), retrogradation of subducting slabs, migration of backarc spreading, along strike propagation of rifts (e.g. East Africa), or propagation of transform faults with a transtensive component (Chagos?). All those volcanic trails may have different depths of thei ...
The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate
... consequently the opening of the Indian Ocean, is thought to have been caused by heating of the lithosphere from below by a large plume whose relicts are now the Marion, Kerguelen and Réunion plumes. Plate reconstructions based on palaeomagnetic data suggest that the Indian plate attained a very hig ...
... consequently the opening of the Indian Ocean, is thought to have been caused by heating of the lithosphere from below by a large plume whose relicts are now the Marion, Kerguelen and Réunion plumes. Plate reconstructions based on palaeomagnetic data suggest that the Indian plate attained a very hig ...
Cyclical Behavior in Cordilleran Orogenic Systems
... orogenic belts (Haschke et al., 2002; Ducea and Barton, 2007); are these magmatic cycles expressed in other parts of the Cordilleran system, from the upper mantle to the surface, from the trench to the distal foreland? (3) How do sedimentary basins that form in Cordilleran systems respond to this ar ...
... orogenic belts (Haschke et al., 2002; Ducea and Barton, 2007); are these magmatic cycles expressed in other parts of the Cordilleran system, from the upper mantle to the surface, from the trench to the distal foreland? (3) How do sedimentary basins that form in Cordilleran systems respond to this ar ...
Imaging the seismic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary of the
... [5] In the present study we use the converted wave techniques, namely P‐to‐s (P receiver function, PRF) [Burdick and Langston, 1977; Langston, 1977; Vinnik, 1977] and S‐to‐p (S receiver function, SRF) [Farra and Vinnik, 2000]. The PRF is a routine technique to decipher the crustal and upper mantle s ...
... [5] In the present study we use the converted wave techniques, namely P‐to‐s (P receiver function, PRF) [Burdick and Langston, 1977; Langston, 1977; Vinnik, 1977] and S‐to‐p (S receiver function, SRF) [Farra and Vinnik, 2000]. The PRF is a routine technique to decipher the crustal and upper mantle s ...
Lecture 7: Rock and Minerals
... Magma: mixture of molten rock, gases and mineral phases, produced by mantle melting Mantle melts between ~800-1250ºC due to: 1) Increase in temperature 2) Decrease in pressure 3) Addition of volatile phases (e.g., water) ...
... Magma: mixture of molten rock, gases and mineral phases, produced by mantle melting Mantle melts between ~800-1250ºC due to: 1) Increase in temperature 2) Decrease in pressure 3) Addition of volatile phases (e.g., water) ...
convection currents in the mantle.
... is to understand the internal structure of the earth We live on a very thin, cool crust which averages about 50 km thick under the continents and 10 km under the oceans. Beneath the crust is the mantle. Rock in the mantle is very hot and is under high pressure. Rock here is described as plastic whic ...
... is to understand the internal structure of the earth We live on a very thin, cool crust which averages about 50 km thick under the continents and 10 km under the oceans. Beneath the crust is the mantle. Rock in the mantle is very hot and is under high pressure. Rock here is described as plastic whic ...
Evidence for layered mantle convection
... Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Washington University, St. Louis MO, 63130, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Experimental and theoretical studies of convecting systems generally yield plumes of some sort. For the Earth, of particular interest is whether deep plumes reach the surface. ...
... Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Washington University, St. Louis MO, 63130, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Experimental and theoretical studies of convecting systems generally yield plumes of some sort. For the Earth, of particular interest is whether deep plumes reach the surface. ...
Earth Forces Pupil Booklet
... is made up of pieces that fit together like a jigsaw. We call these plates. These plates move slowly across the earth’s surface – much the same rate as your fingernails grow (50mm each year). Where the plate edges meet is called a plate boundary. These plates move slowly across the earth’s surface – ...
... is made up of pieces that fit together like a jigsaw. We call these plates. These plates move slowly across the earth’s surface – much the same rate as your fingernails grow (50mm each year). Where the plate edges meet is called a plate boundary. These plates move slowly across the earth’s surface – ...
Full Text
... this discrepancy comes from the more storied lifetime of continental lithosphere compared to its oceanic counterpart. Oceanic lithosphere is created at the mid-ocean ridges, from which it ages, cools, and thickens until it meets it demise at subduction zones. Continental lithosphere, on the other ha ...
... this discrepancy comes from the more storied lifetime of continental lithosphere compared to its oceanic counterpart. Oceanic lithosphere is created at the mid-ocean ridges, from which it ages, cools, and thickens until it meets it demise at subduction zones. Continental lithosphere, on the other ha ...
Land Form Patterns: Tectonic Faults
... In case when many layers of the Earth's crust are moved vertically upward between two parallel fault lines, Fault Block Mountains result. The vertical force is caused by the Earth's internal ...
... In case when many layers of the Earth's crust are moved vertically upward between two parallel fault lines, Fault Block Mountains result. The vertical force is caused by the Earth's internal ...
New Zealand plate boundary models
... slope. As the crust gets deeper, temperature and pressure increase, causing rock to melt. The melted rock (magma) rises and comes to the surface at volcanoes and thermal areas. The movement of the oceanic crust is very slow (about 5cm a year) and is not smooth. It can become locked with the continen ...
... slope. As the crust gets deeper, temperature and pressure increase, causing rock to melt. The melted rock (magma) rises and comes to the surface at volcanoes and thermal areas. The movement of the oceanic crust is very slow (about 5cm a year) and is not smooth. It can become locked with the continen ...
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
... margins. Other sediment is made of the remains of marine organisms. Those remains settle to the ocean floor when the organisms die. ...
... margins. Other sediment is made of the remains of marine organisms. Those remains settle to the ocean floor when the organisms die. ...
Unit 1 Searching for Evidence
... The lines in this theme mark the locations of topographic profiles, or cross-sectional views of the land surface. Imagine slicing through the Earth, pulling the halves apart, and viewing one half from the side. The result is a topographic profile. For example, the topographic profile below shows a s ...
... The lines in this theme mark the locations of topographic profiles, or cross-sectional views of the land surface. Imagine slicing through the Earth, pulling the halves apart, and viewing one half from the side. The result is a topographic profile. For example, the topographic profile below shows a s ...
Lecture 6 - Mantle and Basalts
... E-MORB’s are represented by plumes centered on mid-ocean ridges. Examples include Iceland and the Azores. They are thought to be derived from plumes generated near the 650 km discontinuity, from either a) a distinct lower mantle source, or b) boundary source enriched by subducted ocean crust trapp ...
... E-MORB’s are represented by plumes centered on mid-ocean ridges. Examples include Iceland and the Azores. They are thought to be derived from plumes generated near the 650 km discontinuity, from either a) a distinct lower mantle source, or b) boundary source enriched by subducted ocean crust trapp ...
Subduction of oceanic lithosphere
... melts could be generated (modified after Davies and Stevenson [1992] and Stern [1998]). Water is carried in the descending slab (A), and dense aqueous fluids are continuously released from subducted sediments, crust, and serpentinites (B). These fluids rise into the overlying mantle to form hydrous ...
... melts could be generated (modified after Davies and Stevenson [1992] and Stern [1998]). Water is carried in the descending slab (A), and dense aqueous fluids are continuously released from subducted sediments, crust, and serpentinites (B). These fluids rise into the overlying mantle to form hydrous ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.