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2014_Xu_Xiao_Dissertation
... Keller, for your excellent suggestions, guidance, providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research and unwavering continuous support during these five years. Thank you for believing in me during this research and continuously funding me during these years. Your knowledge and noble qualit ...
... Keller, for your excellent suggestions, guidance, providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research and unwavering continuous support during these five years. Thank you for believing in me during this research and continuously funding me during these years. Your knowledge and noble qualit ...
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... do not, analogous to the way that some continental rifts evolve into ocean basins and others become extinct before they do. Regardless of its ultimate fate, if a suprasubduction zone extensional basin does not have seafloor spreading, then it must be regarded as an IAB. Active BABs and IABs today ar ...
... do not, analogous to the way that some continental rifts evolve into ocean basins and others become extinct before they do. Regardless of its ultimate fate, if a suprasubduction zone extensional basin does not have seafloor spreading, then it must be regarded as an IAB. Active BABs and IABs today ar ...
Geothermal gradients in continental magmatic arcs: Constraints from
... This gradient defines a maximum background geotherm that reconciles the results of geophysical and numerical models with wall-rock thermobarometry and is consistent with the formation of granulites in the lower crust of sub-arc regions and numerical models of the thermal effects of nested plutons. R ...
... This gradient defines a maximum background geotherm that reconciles the results of geophysical and numerical models with wall-rock thermobarometry and is consistent with the formation of granulites in the lower crust of sub-arc regions and numerical models of the thermal effects of nested plutons. R ...
Chapter 21
... Plate Tectonics, continued • Evidence for Wegener’s ideas came later. • Wegener’s theory of continental drift was ignored until structures discovered on the ocean floor provided evidence for a mechanism for the movement of continents. • Symmetrical bands on either side of a mid-ocean ridge indicate ...
... Plate Tectonics, continued • Evidence for Wegener’s ideas came later. • Wegener’s theory of continental drift was ignored until structures discovered on the ocean floor provided evidence for a mechanism for the movement of continents. • Symmetrical bands on either side of a mid-ocean ridge indicate ...
Tectonic reconstruction of Uda-Murgal arc and the Late
... Mesozoic age (Parfenov, 1984; Sokolov, 1992; Parfenov et al., 1993; Nokleberg et al., 1994). The Western Koryak fold and thrust belt contains deformed rocks of the UdaMurgal arc as well as some older tectonic units for which a relationship with the Uda-Murgal arc is not well established. Nekrasov (1 ...
... Mesozoic age (Parfenov, 1984; Sokolov, 1992; Parfenov et al., 1993; Nokleberg et al., 1994). The Western Koryak fold and thrust belt contains deformed rocks of the UdaMurgal arc as well as some older tectonic units for which a relationship with the Uda-Murgal arc is not well established. Nekrasov (1 ...
Crustal structure beneath the Strait of Juan de Fuca and southern
... thick band of high reflectivity which dips eastward from around 20 to 33 km depth [Yorath et al., 1985] (Figure 2). There have been a variety of subduction-related interpretations for the origin of this reflective layer, generally referred to as the ‘‘E’’ reflectivity band. Calvert and Clowes [1990] ...
... thick band of high reflectivity which dips eastward from around 20 to 33 km depth [Yorath et al., 1985] (Figure 2). There have been a variety of subduction-related interpretations for the origin of this reflective layer, generally referred to as the ‘‘E’’ reflectivity band. Calvert and Clowes [1990] ...
Lg wave propagation in the area around Japan
... considerably less study has been done in the areas surrounding Japan. The Japanese Islands are unique in that they are situated on a continental crust surrounded by oceanic crust, which means that Lg waves develop along limited paths. However, the amplitude behavior of the Lg waves in such combined ...
... considerably less study has been done in the areas surrounding Japan. The Japanese Islands are unique in that they are situated on a continental crust surrounded by oceanic crust, which means that Lg waves develop along limited paths. However, the amplitude behavior of the Lg waves in such combined ...
Not Getting the Drift - Personal webpages at NTNU
... continents. The purpose of these maps was to help explain how the positions of continents can affect climate: Lyell 1837, p. 129-130. But we have still to contemplate the additional refrigeration which might be effected by changes in the relative position of land and sea in the southern hemisphere. ...
... continents. The purpose of these maps was to help explain how the positions of continents can affect climate: Lyell 1837, p. 129-130. But we have still to contemplate the additional refrigeration which might be effected by changes in the relative position of land and sea in the southern hemisphere. ...
Origin of the Bermuda volcanoes and Bermuda
... negligible, averaging only about .004 mm/a. At least under parts of Bermuda, the sequence of limestones and interglacial soils is underlain by a lateritic clay horizon (“Primary Red Clay”) derived from subaerial weathering of the volcanic basement in a humid tropical or semi-tropical environment (Mo ...
... negligible, averaging only about .004 mm/a. At least under parts of Bermuda, the sequence of limestones and interglacial soils is underlain by a lateritic clay horizon (“Primary Red Clay”) derived from subaerial weathering of the volcanic basement in a humid tropical or semi-tropical environment (Mo ...
1.6 General age and tectonic setting of the Arabian Shield
... The geologic history of the Arabian Shield covers a broad sweep of geologic time from distant beginnings more than 2,000 million years ago to present day processes that are sculpting and changing the rocks and landscape of the shield. The core of the history covers a 300-million-year period between ...
... The geologic history of the Arabian Shield covers a broad sweep of geologic time from distant beginnings more than 2,000 million years ago to present day processes that are sculpting and changing the rocks and landscape of the shield. The core of the history covers a 300-million-year period between ...
Geophysical-petrological model of the crust and upper mantle in the
... The India-Eurasia collision zone consists of a large amalgamation of crustal and lithospheric domains, accreted each other throughout time. The India peninsula is formed by an ancient continental crust (the Precambrian Indian shield), which is itself a collage of cratonic blocks and mobile belts ass ...
... The India-Eurasia collision zone consists of a large amalgamation of crustal and lithospheric domains, accreted each other throughout time. The India peninsula is formed by an ancient continental crust (the Precambrian Indian shield), which is itself a collage of cratonic blocks and mobile belts ass ...
Origin of Mesoproterozoic A-type granites in Laurentia
... Mesoproterozoic A-type or “anorogenic” granites of ∼ 1.4 Ga age was emplaced within composite, heterogeneous Proterozoic crust. Zircons are an ideal mineral to constrain the granite petrogenetic history because they are repositories of both age (U–Pb geochronology) and tracer (Lu–Hf isotopic) inform ...
... Mesoproterozoic A-type or “anorogenic” granites of ∼ 1.4 Ga age was emplaced within composite, heterogeneous Proterozoic crust. Zircons are an ideal mineral to constrain the granite petrogenetic history because they are repositories of both age (U–Pb geochronology) and tracer (Lu–Hf isotopic) inform ...
The stability of arc lower crust: Insights from the Talkeetna Arc
... Hacker, et al., 2003; Jull and Kelemen, 2001; Sobolev and Babeyko, 1994]. The applicability of these studies to arc lower crust is limited by several simplifying assumptions that were incorporated in the thermodynamic calculations. For example, amphibolite to granulite facies arc lower crust can con ...
... Hacker, et al., 2003; Jull and Kelemen, 2001; Sobolev and Babeyko, 1994]. The applicability of these studies to arc lower crust is limited by several simplifying assumptions that were incorporated in the thermodynamic calculations. For example, amphibolite to granulite facies arc lower crust can con ...
Paleogeography, Southwestern US
... presented above are very obvious. Northern California and Oregon contain a number of different ophiolites. Ophiolites are fragments of ancient oceans later trapped in continental crusts. Most ophiolites represent suture zones between collided continental blocks or between collided arcs and continent ...
... presented above are very obvious. Northern California and Oregon contain a number of different ophiolites. Ophiolites are fragments of ancient oceans later trapped in continental crusts. Most ophiolites represent suture zones between collided continental blocks or between collided arcs and continent ...
physical, chemical, and chronological characteristics of
... mantle ultimately contributes to the destruction of overlying oceanic crust. On moving away from an ocean ridge, oceanic crust and its relatively thin underlying layer of melt-depleted mantle cool the shallow mantle by conduction of heat into the oceans. This cooling causes the underlying mantle to ...
... mantle ultimately contributes to the destruction of overlying oceanic crust. On moving away from an ocean ridge, oceanic crust and its relatively thin underlying layer of melt-depleted mantle cool the shallow mantle by conduction of heat into the oceans. This cooling causes the underlying mantle to ...
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... Eoarchaean TTG suites. Data suggested that the Newcastle Volcanics were generated by partial melting of a subducting portion of an oceanic plateau. The Newcastle Volcanics were subsequently used as a modern analogue of Eoarchaean TTG suites and Hastie et al. (2010a) proposed that Early Archaean cont ...
... Eoarchaean TTG suites. Data suggested that the Newcastle Volcanics were generated by partial melting of a subducting portion of an oceanic plateau. The Newcastle Volcanics were subsequently used as a modern analogue of Eoarchaean TTG suites and Hastie et al. (2010a) proposed that Early Archaean cont ...
Lithospheric structure of Tasmania from a novel form of teleseismic
... velocities in the east to lower velocities in the west strongly supports the idea that eastern Tasmania is underlain by dense rocks with an oceanic crustal affinity, contrasting with the continentally derived siliciclastic core of western Tasmania. Significantly, the Tamar Fracture System does not o ...
... velocities in the east to lower velocities in the west strongly supports the idea that eastern Tasmania is underlain by dense rocks with an oceanic crustal affinity, contrasting with the continentally derived siliciclastic core of western Tasmania. Significantly, the Tamar Fracture System does not o ...
Gabbroic Pegmatite Intrusions, Iberia Abyssal
... exhumation of mantle rocks was under way by 137 Ma and continued for 10–20 my (Whitmarsh & Wallace, 2001; Manatschal et al., 2002). Site 1070 lies >100 km outboard of Hobby High, with much of the intervening oceanic basement being serpentinized peridotite (Fig. 2). Linear magnetic anomalies in the v ...
... exhumation of mantle rocks was under way by 137 Ma and continued for 10–20 my (Whitmarsh & Wallace, 2001; Manatschal et al., 2002). Site 1070 lies >100 km outboard of Hobby High, with much of the intervening oceanic basement being serpentinized peridotite (Fig. 2). Linear magnetic anomalies in the v ...
Subduction erosion modes: Comparing finite
... During subduction erosion, the upper plate is tectonically eroded by the subducting plate and carried into the mantle. The geological record suggests that subduction erosion is a fundamental process at subduction margins; however the underlying causes are not well constrained. Finite-element numeric ...
... During subduction erosion, the upper plate is tectonically eroded by the subducting plate and carried into the mantle. The geological record suggests that subduction erosion is a fundamental process at subduction margins; however the underlying causes are not well constrained. Finite-element numeric ...
Subduction tectonic erosion and Late Cretaceous subsidence along
... Santonian to the Maastrichtian. These features can be explained by a model of subduction tectonic erosion along the northern margin of the Austroalpine unit, a part of the Adriatic microplate. Tectonic erosion, as compared to recent analogues and fore-arc modelling, may be due to the collision and o ...
... Santonian to the Maastrichtian. These features can be explained by a model of subduction tectonic erosion along the northern margin of the Austroalpine unit, a part of the Adriatic microplate. Tectonic erosion, as compared to recent analogues and fore-arc modelling, may be due to the collision and o ...
Plate dynamics, mantle structure and tectonic evolution of the
... the west. The northern boundary with the North America plate and the southern boundary with the South America plate are characterized by large transform-type fault systems [Molnar and Sykes, 1969]. Based on observations of bathymetric relief and gravity anomalies along the northern and eastern plate ...
... the west. The northern boundary with the North America plate and the southern boundary with the South America plate are characterized by large transform-type fault systems [Molnar and Sykes, 1969]. Based on observations of bathymetric relief and gravity anomalies along the northern and eastern plate ...
Moho depths and Poisson`s ratios of Precambrian crust
... East African coast from Mozambique in the south to Egypt in the north (Schulter, 1997). This belt is believed to represent a Himalayan-type continental collision zone formed by multiple collisional events dated between 1200 Myr and 450 Myr (Cahen et al., 1984; Shackleton, 1986). The northern part of ...
... East African coast from Mozambique in the south to Egypt in the north (Schulter, 1997). This belt is believed to represent a Himalayan-type continental collision zone formed by multiple collisional events dated between 1200 Myr and 450 Myr (Cahen et al., 1984; Shackleton, 1986). The northern part of ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.