fiber lec 13 optical coherent receiver
... case, the local oscillator amplifies the received signal and improving the SNR. However, the SNR improvement is lower by the factor of 2 ( or by 3 dB ) than in the homodyne case. This reduction is referred to as the 3-dB heterodyne –detection penalty. The origin of the 3 dB penalty can be seen by co ...
... case, the local oscillator amplifies the received signal and improving the SNR. However, the SNR improvement is lower by the factor of 2 ( or by 3 dB ) than in the homodyne case. This reduction is referred to as the 3-dB heterodyne –detection penalty. The origin of the 3 dB penalty can be seen by co ...
What is a Phase Locked Loop
... their operation. It is sufficient to remark that it exists in many different types. The VCO may, in fact, be a current controlled oscillator, an ICO, but in this work attention will be concentrated on the PLL with a VCO. Some PLL-ICs include a VCO (e.g. the linear 565 and the CMOS 4046). And there a ...
... their operation. It is sufficient to remark that it exists in many different types. The VCO may, in fact, be a current controlled oscillator, an ICO, but in this work attention will be concentrated on the PLL with a VCO. Some PLL-ICs include a VCO (e.g. the linear 565 and the CMOS 4046). And there a ...
Phase Frequency Detector Principles
... PFD Loop Filter For both tri_state and Charge pump outputs we want the loop filter to behave like integrator for slow variation of the phase difference that is averaging the PFD output. For fast variation we want to minimize the averaging in order to track fast variations in phase difference betwee ...
... PFD Loop Filter For both tri_state and Charge pump outputs we want the loop filter to behave like integrator for slow variation of the phase difference that is averaging the PFD output. For fast variation we want to minimize the averaging in order to track fast variations in phase difference betwee ...
PHASE-CONTROL DEVICE
... also is K (ω) Tran. =1, but phase changes from 0 to The main disadvantages of this device are as follows: 1. Low accuracy of the given controlled phase. 2. Limited function capability, this is connected with the fact that, in this phase shifter the ...
... also is K (ω) Tran. =1, but phase changes from 0 to The main disadvantages of this device are as follows: 1. Low accuracy of the given controlled phase. 2. Limited function capability, this is connected with the fact that, in this phase shifter the ...
Antenna Theory - The Free Information Society
... voltage is induced into the antenna, which serves as a conductor. The induced RF voltages are then used to recover the transmitted RF information. 2. Current and voltage distribution. a. A current flowing in a wire of a length related to the RF produces an electromagnetic field. This field radiates ...
... voltage is induced into the antenna, which serves as a conductor. The induced RF voltages are then used to recover the transmitted RF information. 2. Current and voltage distribution. a. A current flowing in a wire of a length related to the RF produces an electromagnetic field. This field radiates ...
nDSP1 - School of Computer Science
... the mathematical operations required to filter digitised speech (and process it in other ways as well) as the speech is being received. This is real time processing. A standard PC can perform 'non-real time' DSP processing on a stored recording of music and can take as much time as it needs to compl ...
... the mathematical operations required to filter digitised speech (and process it in other ways as well) as the speech is being received. This is real time processing. A standard PC can perform 'non-real time' DSP processing on a stored recording of music and can take as much time as it needs to compl ...
G2 Software Update V2.00 Features
... not been made correctly. G2 will revert to the standard loop order 1-8. Clearing a Moved Loop: Loops can be moved back to the standard order with one button press. This will only affect the moved loop on the selected preset. Hold down loop button 9 for three seconds or more and you will see the loo ...
... not been made correctly. G2 will revert to the standard loop order 1-8. Clearing a Moved Loop: Loops can be moved back to the standard order with one button press. This will only affect the moved loop on the selected preset. Hold down loop button 9 for three seconds or more and you will see the loo ...
DC Circuits - Sharkey Physics
... If tracing from A to B, this emf is considered positive. If tracing from B to A, this emf is considered negative. ...
... If tracing from A to B, this emf is considered positive. If tracing from B to A, this emf is considered negative. ...
DC Circuits
... If tracing from A to B, this emf is considered positive. If tracing from B to A, this emf is considered negative. ...
... If tracing from A to B, this emf is considered positive. If tracing from B to A, this emf is considered negative. ...
Enhanced EE2003-based Short Wave Receiver
... If you operate the receiver for the first time, you should check whether you can tune the regeneration level to both AM and SSB reception for the complete frequency range. To do so, take the following steps: Turn the main tuning dial (variable capacitor) to the right, tuning in a station on the 49 ...
... If you operate the receiver for the first time, you should check whether you can tune the regeneration level to both AM and SSB reception for the complete frequency range. To do so, take the following steps: Turn the main tuning dial (variable capacitor) to the right, tuning in a station on the 49 ...
Questions Pools Element 9
... B. Observing the coupler output with an oscilloscope of suitable bandwidth. C. Observing the reflected power between the transmitter and the coupler. D. Observing changes in variable component positions or relay selections as other channels are tried and observing the reflected power between the tra ...
... B. Observing the coupler output with an oscilloscope of suitable bandwidth. C. Observing the reflected power between the transmitter and the coupler. D. Observing changes in variable component positions or relay selections as other channels are tried and observing the reflected power between the tra ...
Lenz`s Law - Union College Math Department Home Page
... the switch is closed. Lenz’s law then states that the induced current will be produced in the left loop in a direction so as to oppose this change – or, in other words the induced current will be also produced clockwise around this loop to make an additional magnetic flux toward the left. This induc ...
... the switch is closed. Lenz’s law then states that the induced current will be produced in the left loop in a direction so as to oppose this change – or, in other words the induced current will be also produced clockwise around this loop to make an additional magnetic flux toward the left. This induc ...
Repeater cable version 2
... inserted in the RX radio’s mic connector. This causes the RX radio's local speaker to open with the correct PL only. Without it, the local speaker audio will open for all received signals. This does not effect repeater operation; the repeater COR is only determined by the programmed settings. Pressi ...
... inserted in the RX radio’s mic connector. This causes the RX radio's local speaker to open with the correct PL only. Without it, the local speaker audio will open for all received signals. This does not effect repeater operation; the repeater COR is only determined by the programmed settings. Pressi ...
VLF Designs specializing in Analog Telemetry Earthquake
... Antenna connection: Type "N" (others available) Specify desired operating frequency and audio output level when ordering so that unit will be optimally tuned. ...
... Antenna connection: Type "N" (others available) Specify desired operating frequency and audio output level when ordering so that unit will be optimally tuned. ...
VHF Wireless Microphone System User Manual
... Connect the jack or XLR (optional) lead to the receiver’s audio output connector, turn down the volume of any equipment (mixer, amplifier etc.) that the signal will be fed into and then connect the jack or XLR to the equipment. Warning! - take care not to point microphones towards speakers – this ca ...
... Connect the jack or XLR (optional) lead to the receiver’s audio output connector, turn down the volume of any equipment (mixer, amplifier etc.) that the signal will be fed into and then connect the jack or XLR to the equipment. Warning! - take care not to point microphones towards speakers – this ca ...
1 - ComHem.SE
... Voltage at GPS RF connector. There could be Voltage drop at Hip module but it is less than 0.3V. The Voltage level at GPS RF Connector should meet GPS Antenna’s spec. If there is Voltage ripple, measured with Oscilloscope at GPS RF connector, it should meet GPS antenna, customer will use. Please c ...
... Voltage at GPS RF connector. There could be Voltage drop at Hip module but it is less than 0.3V. The Voltage level at GPS RF Connector should meet GPS Antenna’s spec. If there is Voltage ripple, measured with Oscilloscope at GPS RF connector, it should meet GPS antenna, customer will use. Please c ...
Electric Currents and Simple Circuits
... out-of-the-page. An induced CCW current will produce a B-field pointing out. ...
... out-of-the-page. An induced CCW current will produce a B-field pointing out. ...
Analysis of Five Different Dielectric Substrates on
... Microstrip patch antenna is one of the most preferred antenna structures due to their low profile and ease of fabrication. They are useful because they can be directly printed onto the circuit boards. They have many applications, especially in wireless communication and in satellite communication. F ...
... Microstrip patch antenna is one of the most preferred antenna structures due to their low profile and ease of fabrication. They are useful because they can be directly printed onto the circuit boards. They have many applications, especially in wireless communication and in satellite communication. F ...
Resistor Networks
... For the First Loop: Starting at the north-west corner and going clockwise, first we encounter a resistor. Using Ohm’s law the voltage drops there by V = I · R = (i1 − i2 ) · 1. Then we encounter a second resistor. Using Ohm’s law the voltage drops there by V = I · R = (i1 − i4 ) · 2. Then we find a ...
... For the First Loop: Starting at the north-west corner and going clockwise, first we encounter a resistor. Using Ohm’s law the voltage drops there by V = I · R = (i1 − i2 ) · 1. Then we encounter a second resistor. Using Ohm’s law the voltage drops there by V = I · R = (i1 − i4 ) · 2. Then we find a ...
Chapter 28
... Kirchhoff’s rules are used to simplify the procedure for analyzing more complex circuits: ...
... Kirchhoff’s rules are used to simplify the procedure for analyzing more complex circuits: ...
A Photonic Local Oscillator Module for Submillimeter Interferometry
... behavior of photodiode current with respect to laser temperature. Although the amplitude of the sinusoid depends on modulation frequency, we discovered that there exist "fixed point" temperatures where the photodiode current is independent of modulation frequency. We next locked the photonic LO usin ...
... behavior of photodiode current with respect to laser temperature. Although the amplitude of the sinusoid depends on modulation frequency, we discovered that there exist "fixed point" temperatures where the photodiode current is independent of modulation frequency. We next locked the photonic LO usin ...
Receiver2
... annoying background noise. In Figure , the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, which is used to adjust the gain of the receiver based on the strength of the received signal, outputs a DC voltage that is proportional to the received signal's amplitude. ...
... annoying background noise. In Figure , the automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, which is used to adjust the gain of the receiver based on the strength of the received signal, outputs a DC voltage that is proportional to the received signal's amplitude. ...
Direction finding
Direction finding (DF), or radio direction finding (RDF), is the measurement of the direction from which a received signal was transmitted. This can refer to radio or other forms of wireless communication, including radar signals detection and monitoring (ELINT/ESM). By combining the direction information from two or more suitably spaced receivers (or a single mobile receiver), the source of a transmission may be located via triangulation. Radio direction finding is used in the navigation of ships and aircraft, to locate emergency transmitters for search and rescue, for tracking wildlife, and to locate illegal or interfering transmitters. RDF was important in combating German threats during both the WW-II Battle of Britain and the long running Battle of the Atlantic. In the former, the Air Ministry also used RDF to locate its own fighter groups and vector them to detected Germain raids.RDF systems can be used with any radio source, although very long wavelengths (low frequencies) require very large antennas, and are generally used only on ground-based systems. These wavelengths are nevertheless used for marine radio navigation as they can travel very long distances ""over the horizon"", which is valuable for ships when the line-of-sight may be only a few tens of kilometres. For aerial use, where the horizon may extend to hundreds of kilometres, higher frequencies can be used, allowing the use of much smaller antennas. An automatic direction finder, which could be tuned to radio beacons called non-directional beacons or commercial AM radio broadcasters, was until recently, a feature of most aircraft, but is now being phased out For the military, RDF is a key tool of signals intelligence. The ability to locate the position of an enemy transmitter has been invaluable since World War I, and played a key role in World War II's Battle of the Atlantic. It is estimated that the UK's advanced ""huff-duff"" systems were directly or indirectly responsible for 24% of all U-Boats sunk during the war. Modern systems often used phased array antennas to allow rapid beamforming for highly accurate results, and are part of a larger electronic warfare suite.Radio direction finders have evolved, following the development of new electronics. Early systems used mechanically rotated antennas that compared signal strengths, and several electronic versions of the same concept followed. Modern systems use the comparison of phase or doppler techniques which are generally simpler to automate. Early British radar sets were referred to as RDF, which is often stated was a deception. In fact, the Chain Home systems used large RDF receivers to determine directions. Later radar systems generally used a single antenna for broadcast and reception, and determined direction from the direction the antenna was facing.