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- Uponorpro.com
- Uponorpro.com

... it relates to how the human body perceives thermal comfort It is important to realize that the strategies used in forcedair systems are not necessarily applicable for radiant systems. The way in which energy is evaluated and managed is on a more finite level with radiant systems. The temperature in ...
3. The elements of the buildings` envelope
3. The elements of the buildings` envelope

... between outer and inner panes can be used instead of glass. In some designs one pan of glass is installed in a separate sub-frame. ¾ Frame and materials The choice of timber, PVC or aluminium frame depends of factors such as aesthetics and maintenance. All are suitable for use with double glazing sy ...


... radiation. Knowledge of the convective and radiative heat flows at the external surfaces of the building will allow an accurate estimate of the heat loss or gain through the building envelope (Jayamaha et al., 1996). In order to realize the anti-heat radiation in urban city, the study must determin ...
Preventing exposed water pipes from freezing
Preventing exposed water pipes from freezing

... A water pipe that is exposed to an environment at temperatures lower than the freezing point of water will not necessarily freeze eyen without insulation if there is a continuaus flow through it, but when there is no flow i t will freeze regardless of insulation. The Lequired minimum flow rate depen ...
Temperature
Temperature

... • An alcohol thermometer and a mercury thermometer may agree only at the calibration points • The discrepancies between thermometers are especially large when the temperatures being measured are far from the calibration points • The thermometers also have a limited range of values that can be measur ...
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)

... vary over the span following a linear functional relationship. The governing differential equations associated with the electro-thermal problems are derived in terms of variable electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, co-efficient of thermal expansion and the modulus of elasticity of the mater ...
one dimensional steady state heat conduction
one dimensional steady state heat conduction

... In each equation the dependent variable, T, is a function of 4 independent variables, (x,y,z,τ); (r,  ,z,τ); (r,φ,θ,τ) and is a 2nd order, partial differential equation. The solution of such equations will normally require a numerical solution. For the present, we shall simply look at the simplific ...
module 2
module 2

... In each equation the dependent variable, T, is a function of 4 independent variables, (x,y,z,τ); (r,  ,z,τ); (r,φ,θ,τ) and is a 2nd order, partial differential equation. The solution of such equations will normally require a numerical solution. For the present, we shall simply look at the simplific ...
A Micro-Insulation Concept for MEMS Applications
A Micro-Insulation Concept for MEMS Applications

... thicknesses, which can be obtained in one step. Structures of up to 2 mm in height can be produced by using multiple coats. SU-8 was originally developed and patented by IBM-Watson Research Center 共www.watson.ibm.com兲 and has been adapted for MEMS applications 关7兴. The thermal conductivity of this m ...
Chapter 5, Problem 1
Chapter 5, Problem 1

... on the outer surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the pipe, and the rate of heat loss are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer. Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its thickness, and the ...
Aalborg Universitet Heiselberg, Per Kvols
Aalborg Universitet Heiselberg, Per Kvols

... floor area. Total window area to external wall ratio is 24%. 5 cm thick thermal insulation has been applied to external walls. This study is limited only with energy performance improvements which are based on enhancements of building envelope, and is only focused on passive measures. Roof, ceiling ...
Passive solar building design concepts………1
Passive solar building design concepts………1

... clerestory window and traditional skylights can introduce daylight in poorlyorientated sections of a building, unwanted heat transfer may be hard to control.[23][24] Thus, energy that is saved by reducing artificial lighting is often more than offset by the energy required for operating HVAC systems ...
Guidelines for Work in Hot Environments
Guidelines for Work in Hot Environments

... to 38 degrees Celsius. Below this range, the body's temperature control center in the brain goes to work, directing more blood to vital internal organs and causing shivering to help keep the body warm. In hot environments, more blood is directed toward the skin surface and perspiration increases to ...
Relation between local temperature gradients and the direction of
Relation between local temperature gradients and the direction of

... research. There are basically two motivations for this. On the one hand, the technological trend towards miniaturization of electronic circuits pushes for a better understanding of the mechanisms for heat production and energy flow at the microscopic level. On the other hand, from a more general poin ...
Vėsinimo apkrovos skaičiavimas
Vėsinimo apkrovos skaičiavimas

... The heat gain or heat loss through a building depends on: a. The temperature difference between outside temperature and our desired temperature. b. The type of construction and the amount of insulation is in your ceiling and walls. Let's say, that you have two identical buildings, one is build out o ...
Implimenting a Simple Heat Exchanger Unit with
Implimenting a Simple Heat Exchanger Unit with

... any temperature difference between the hot side and the air adds to the overall temperature difference, which reduces the efficiency of the system. It is thus advantageous to use the maximum cooling potential available since this translates directly to a more efficient system, where ...
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

... conductor will break. In any system that dissipates energy in the form of heat, cooling must exist for the temperature to be limited to less than a critical value. This cooling usually comes in the form of forced convection or radiation into a cooling medium. The heat energy is transferred to an ext ...
temperature.
temperature.

... • Heat is energy in transit because of a temperature difference alone. • The heat required to heat an object by an amount ∆T depends on its mass and its specific heat, c: ∆Q = mc ∆T. • Heat transfer mechanisms include conduction, convection, and ...
Thermal Actuation
Thermal Actuation

... • Thermal electric effect refers to the generation of electrical potential when a temperature differential exist across a piece of material. At the high temperature end, more electron will be excited into the conduction band and starts diffusion into the colder region. • The Seebeck effect (nameed a ...
Thermal Bimetallic Actuators
Thermal Bimetallic Actuators

... • Thermal electric effect refers to the generation of electrical potential when a temperature differential exist across a piece of material. At the high temperature end, more electron will be excited into the conduction band and starts diffusion into the colder region. • The Seebeck effect (nameed a ...
t-75 mid-range heat transfer compound
t-75 mid-range heat transfer compound

... and equipment for the purpose of heating or cooling. T-75 provides a highly efficient heat transfer for any surface mounted heater within its temperature range. In addition to tubular tracers, T-75 may also be applied to the surface of clamp-on heating elements or over small-bore rigid pipe tracers. ...
Town Offices Energy Assessment, March 2009
Town Offices Energy Assessment, March 2009

... and locations to improve the insulation (and ventilation) of the building. Recommendations are general but offered for two different levels of energy reduction. Option A is offered to reduce energy use and improve comfort and durability in the most cost effective manner possible. The latter to provi ...
Optimum cooling solutions for power electronics, Robert Skuriat
Optimum cooling solutions for power electronics, Robert Skuriat

... The test rig is designed to allow a number of the parameters affecting the performance of a jet impingement array to be varied Open layout to allow a clear view of the components on the tile for thermal imaging All signal and power connections are located around the edge of the tile All parts are ea ...
Experience on Commissioning of Heating/Cooling System and
Experience on Commissioning of Heating/Cooling System and

... the building elements are insulated exactly following the design documents. In that sense, an infrared thermo-camera is very effective. Even though, other methods should be developed for the location such as crawl space, and also simple measuring method of the overall heat transfer coefficient5) is ...
First Law of Thermodynamics - Erwin Sitompul
First Law of Thermodynamics - Erwin Sitompul

... thermodynamic process, where:  Heat Q can be added to the gas (positive heat) or withdrawn from it (negative heat), by regulating the temperature of the adjustable ...
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Thermal comfort

Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55). Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers.Thermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The main factors that influence thermal comfort are those that determine heat gain and loss, namely metabolic rate, clothing insulation, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air speed and relative humidity. Psychological parameters such as individual expectations also affect thermal comfort.The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model stands among the most recognized thermal comfort models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under steady state conditions. The adaptive model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically interact with their environment. Occupants control their thermal environment by means of clothing, operable windows, fans, personal heaters, and sun shades.The PMV model can be applied to air conditioned buildings, while the adaptive model can be generally applied only to buildings where no mechanical systems have been installed. There is no consensus about which comfort model should be applied for buildings that are partially air conditioned spatially or temporally.Thermal comfort calculations according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 can be freely performed with the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55.Similar to ASHRAE Standard 55 there are other comfort standards like EN 15251 and the ISO 7730 standard.
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