Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium
... 2.1 Consider an electron-proton plasma at temperature T . Let ts (e − e) be the time scale for 90 degree scattering of one electron with kinetic energy ∼ kT by encounters with other electrons. The electron-proton mass ratio mp /me = 1836. The following time scales tx will differ from ts (e − e) by f ...
... 2.1 Consider an electron-proton plasma at temperature T . Let ts (e − e) be the time scale for 90 degree scattering of one electron with kinetic energy ∼ kT by encounters with other electrons. The electron-proton mass ratio mp /me = 1836. The following time scales tx will differ from ts (e − e) by f ...
Comparative Planetology
... Earth’s magnetospheric dynamics are driven by variations in the solar wind, which generate substorms and geomagnetic storms reflected in perturbations to the magnetic field morphology as well as in the aurora. Jupiter’s magnetosphere appears to be rotationally driven, due to both the rapid rotation ...
... Earth’s magnetospheric dynamics are driven by variations in the solar wind, which generate substorms and geomagnetic storms reflected in perturbations to the magnetic field morphology as well as in the aurora. Jupiter’s magnetosphere appears to be rotationally driven, due to both the rapid rotation ...
Winds from accretion disks driven by the radiation and
... the radiation force will be enhanced by spectral lines and play an important role in controlling the dynamics of the flow. In fact Murray et al. (1995) designed a line-driven disk wind model specifically for AGNs. Radiation-driven disk winds have been extensively modeled (e.g., Pereyra, Kallman & B ...
... the radiation force will be enhanced by spectral lines and play an important role in controlling the dynamics of the flow. In fact Murray et al. (1995) designed a line-driven disk wind model specifically for AGNs. Radiation-driven disk winds have been extensively modeled (e.g., Pereyra, Kallman & B ...
Low-Energy Electron-Induced Chemistry of
... acid (CH3COOH), and glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO). The source of this reaction-initiating UV light is assumed to be local because externally sourced UV radiation cannot penetrate the icecontaining dark, dense molecular clouds. Specifically, exceedingly penetrative high-energy cosmic rays generate second ...
... acid (CH3COOH), and glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO). The source of this reaction-initiating UV light is assumed to be local because externally sourced UV radiation cannot penetrate the icecontaining dark, dense molecular clouds. Specifically, exceedingly penetrative high-energy cosmic rays generate second ...
Chapter 15--Our Sun - Geological Sciences
... output reaches Earth, with the rest dispersing in all directions into space. Most of this energy is radiated in the form of visible light, but once you leave the protective blanket of Earth’s atmosphere you’ll encounter significant amounts of other types of solar radiation, including dangerous ultra ...
... output reaches Earth, with the rest dispersing in all directions into space. Most of this energy is radiated in the form of visible light, but once you leave the protective blanket of Earth’s atmosphere you’ll encounter significant amounts of other types of solar radiation, including dangerous ultra ...
SOLAR HARD X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS FROM
... Subject headings: acceleration of particles — Sun: flares — Sun: radio radiation — Sun: X-rays, gamma rays ,SMM(see, e.g., Chupp 1990a; Rieger 1990 for reviews), Hinotori (Yoshimori 1989), and more recently COMPTON (Murphyetal. 1993)and rO/Z/iTOtf (Yoshimorietal. 1992). A typical gamma-ray spectrum ...
... Subject headings: acceleration of particles — Sun: flares — Sun: radio radiation — Sun: X-rays, gamma rays ,SMM(see, e.g., Chupp 1990a; Rieger 1990 for reviews), Hinotori (Yoshimori 1989), and more recently COMPTON (Murphyetal. 1993)and rO/Z/iTOtf (Yoshimorietal. 1992). A typical gamma-ray spectrum ...
A new view on the solar wind interaction with the Moon | Geoscience
... interacting with a magnetic dipole field above an insulating surface, Howes et al. (2015) investigated the lunar surface charging in the magnetic anomaly regions. They have found that the surface gets charged to larger positive potentials of around +50 V when the dipole moment was perpendicular to t ...
... interacting with a magnetic dipole field above an insulating surface, Howes et al. (2015) investigated the lunar surface charging in the magnetic anomaly regions. They have found that the surface gets charged to larger positive potentials of around +50 V when the dipole moment was perpendicular to t ...
THE THERMAL INSTABILITY OF SOLAR PROMINENCE THREADS
... magnetic flux tubes anchored in the solar photosphere (e.g., Ballester & Priest 1989; Rempel et al. 1999), which are only partially filled with the cool (∼104 K) filament material, while the rest of the tube is occupied by hot coronal plasma. Therefore, the magnetic field is oriented along the axis ...
... magnetic flux tubes anchored in the solar photosphere (e.g., Ballester & Priest 1989; Rempel et al. 1999), which are only partially filled with the cool (∼104 K) filament material, while the rest of the tube is occupied by hot coronal plasma. Therefore, the magnetic field is oriented along the axis ...
- UCL Discovery
... the pair has opposite magnetic polarity to that of its hemisphere’s polar (dipole) field polarity at the start of the cycle, in accordance with Hale’s law. The orientation of the sunspot pair is described by Joy’s law, which states that the following spot normally appears further from the equator th ...
... the pair has opposite magnetic polarity to that of its hemisphere’s polar (dipole) field polarity at the start of the cycle, in accordance with Hale’s law. The orientation of the sunspot pair is described by Joy’s law, which states that the following spot normally appears further from the equator th ...
Physics and Technology of Particle Accelerators
... Leptons (i.e., electrons) radiate more than hadrons (i.e., protons) when subjected to the same force. Circular acceleration is more efficient (and typically cheaper) than the linear one. But, e-beams in SLS reach equilibrium properties that are typically far from providing radiation as wished by FEL ...
... Leptons (i.e., electrons) radiate more than hadrons (i.e., protons) when subjected to the same force. Circular acceleration is more efficient (and typically cheaper) than the linear one. But, e-beams in SLS reach equilibrium properties that are typically far from providing radiation as wished by FEL ...
On the Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields
... a substantial field strength, much larger than that of the seed fields, this separation can hardly happen. And of course, the alpha–Omega dynamo must start from the ultra weak seed field. (It is our philosophy, expressed in this review, that if an origin theory is unable to create the magnetic field ...
... a substantial field strength, much larger than that of the seed fields, this separation can hardly happen. And of course, the alpha–Omega dynamo must start from the ultra weak seed field. (It is our philosophy, expressed in this review, that if an origin theory is unable to create the magnetic field ...
Magnetic fields in Local Group dwarf irregulars⋆
... in the normal spirals. The strongest field among all LG dwarfs of 10 μG (at 2.64 GHz) is observed in the starburst dwarf IC 10. The production of total magnetic fields in dwarf systems appears to be regulated mainly by the star-formation surface density (with the power-law exponent of 0.30 ± 0.04) o ...
... in the normal spirals. The strongest field among all LG dwarfs of 10 μG (at 2.64 GHz) is observed in the starburst dwarf IC 10. The production of total magnetic fields in dwarf systems appears to be regulated mainly by the star-formation surface density (with the power-law exponent of 0.30 ± 0.04) o ...
Magnetic quenching of turbulent diffusivity - Andrés Muñoz
... parameter αp , the convective velocity v for different radii, and the necessary variables to calculate the pressure scale height Hp . In terms of those quantities the diffusivity becomes ...
... parameter αp , the convective velocity v for different radii, and the necessary variables to calculate the pressure scale height Hp . In terms of those quantities the diffusivity becomes ...
Numerical Calculation of Magnetobremsstrahlung Emission and
... In many astronomical plasmas the electron distribution includes an approximately thermal, mildly relativistic component. One such system of particular interest to us is Sgr A*, the radio source that is likely sited in a plasma surrounding the black hole at the galactic center. As theoretical models ...
... In many astronomical plasmas the electron distribution includes an approximately thermal, mildly relativistic component. One such system of particular interest to us is Sgr A*, the radio source that is likely sited in a plasma surrounding the black hole at the galactic center. As theoretical models ...
GiRaFFE: An Open-Source General Relativistic Force
... highly-spinning BH or a BNS with sufficiently high mass, NS disruption and subsequent accretion onto the BH (formed from hypermassive NS collapse in the case of BNS) can launch a classic short GRB jet [7, 34, 42, 40, 46]. In all of the aforementioned systems, the dynamics driving the EM signal invol ...
... highly-spinning BH or a BNS with sufficiently high mass, NS disruption and subsequent accretion onto the BH (formed from hypermassive NS collapse in the case of BNS) can launch a classic short GRB jet [7, 34, 42, 40, 46]. In all of the aforementioned systems, the dynamics driving the EM signal invol ...
Current Rectification by Pauli Exclusion in a Weakly Coupled
... “spin blockade,” and this provides current rectification. Blockade of single-electron transport associated with spin has been reported for single-dot (11–13) and double-dot (14, 15) systems. In most of these cases, blockade appears only when the difference in the total spin between the N and N ⫹ 1 e ...
... “spin blockade,” and this provides current rectification. Blockade of single-electron transport associated with spin has been reported for single-dot (11–13) and double-dot (14, 15) systems. In most of these cases, blockade appears only when the difference in the total spin between the N and N ⫹ 1 e ...
on limiting the thickness of the solar tachocline
... atmosphere in which two-dimensional (2D) turbulence of the sort envisioned by Spiegel & Zahn (1992) conserve potential vorticity and thus drive a system away from uniform rotation. These authors take the helioseismic results as an indication that there must exist a large-scale magnetic field in the ...
... atmosphere in which two-dimensional (2D) turbulence of the sort envisioned by Spiegel & Zahn (1992) conserve potential vorticity and thus drive a system away from uniform rotation. These authors take the helioseismic results as an indication that there must exist a large-scale magnetic field in the ...
Inhomogeneous cloud coverage through the Coulomb explosion of
... A plasma is defined as a quasineutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibit collective behaviour (Chen 1984). Locally, the entirety of the gas does not need to be ionized for it to behave as a plasma. As long as the collective, long-range electromagnetic influence of the many distant ch ...
... A plasma is defined as a quasineutral gas of charged and neutral particles which exhibit collective behaviour (Chen 1984). Locally, the entirety of the gas does not need to be ionized for it to behave as a plasma. As long as the collective, long-range electromagnetic influence of the many distant ch ...
The magnetic field configuration of a solar prominence inferred from
... contour lines (right side). The filament has a length of about 138 (∼100 Mm) and a width of 15 . The angle between the LOS and the long axis of the prominence is α = 90◦ + β, where β ∼ 17◦ is the angle that the prominence forms with the meridian, measured counterclockwise. In the right hand side ...
... contour lines (right side). The filament has a length of about 138 (∼100 Mm) and a width of 15 . The angle between the LOS and the long axis of the prominence is α = 90◦ + β, where β ∼ 17◦ is the angle that the prominence forms with the meridian, measured counterclockwise. In the right hand side ...
Spectroscopic observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen
... accept integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, m · 27.2 eV wherein m is an integer, have been confirmed experimentally. Specifically, a catalyst comprises a chemical or physical process with an enthalpy change equal to an integer multiple m of the potential energy of atomic hyd ...
... accept integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, m · 27.2 eV wherein m is an integer, have been confirmed experimentally. Specifically, a catalyst comprises a chemical or physical process with an enthalpy change equal to an integer multiple m of the potential energy of atomic hyd ...
Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Constant Magnetic Field
... BEC theory of the free Bose gas. We must emphasize that our considerations in the present and next section are essentially concerned with the case of systems far from the thermodynamic limit. We shall use throughout the paper T in energy units, i.e., as the product of the Boltzmann constant k by the ...
... BEC theory of the free Bose gas. We must emphasize that our considerations in the present and next section are essentially concerned with the case of systems far from the thermodynamic limit. We shall use throughout the paper T in energy units, i.e., as the product of the Boltzmann constant k by the ...
Acceleration of the charged particles due to chaotic scattering in the
... the axis of rotation with relativistic velocities. In the present paper we explore the mechanism hidden behind the charged particle ejection using the theory of chaotic scattering in the combined effective potential of the black hole and the asymptotically uniform magnetic field. The energy of the c ...
... the axis of rotation with relativistic velocities. In the present paper we explore the mechanism hidden behind the charged particle ejection using the theory of chaotic scattering in the combined effective potential of the black hole and the asymptotically uniform magnetic field. The energy of the c ...
SIMULATION OF QUIET-SUN WAVES IN THE Ca ii INFRARED TRIPLET
... showed beyond doubt the dynamic nature of the solar atmosphere. Their code, which is one-dimensional, nonmagnetic, and driven by a piston derived empirically from suitable time series observations, compares with observations of the Ca ii H and K bright grains remarkably well, even down to the level ...
... showed beyond doubt the dynamic nature of the solar atmosphere. Their code, which is one-dimensional, nonmagnetic, and driven by a piston derived empirically from suitable time series observations, compares with observations of the Ca ii H and K bright grains remarkably well, even down to the level ...
Exospheres and Atmospheric Escape
... determine the structure of the corona and lead to molecular escape are considered in this paper. A planet’s atmosphere decreases in density with increasing altitude, thus an altitude is eventually reached above which molecules can travel planetary scale distances with a very small probability of mak ...
... determine the structure of the corona and lead to molecular escape are considered in this paper. A planet’s atmosphere decreases in density with increasing altitude, thus an altitude is eventually reached above which molecules can travel planetary scale distances with a very small probability of mak ...
Gravitational lensing in presence of plasma O.Yu. Tsupko G.S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan
... When we work in the frame of geometrical optics what is usual for gravitational lensing, we can characterize the properties of the medium by using of the refractive index. In the inhomogeneous medium (the refractive index depends explicitly on the space coordinates) the photon moves along curved tra ...
... When we work in the frame of geometrical optics what is usual for gravitational lensing, we can characterize the properties of the medium by using of the refractive index. In the inhomogeneous medium (the refractive index depends explicitly on the space coordinates) the photon moves along curved tra ...
Polywell
The polywell is a type of nuclear fusion reactor that uses an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. It is closely related to the magnetic mirror, the fusor, the biconic cusp and the high beta fusion reactor. A set of electromagnets generates a magnetic field which traps electrons. This creates a negative voltage, which attracts positive ions. As the ions accelerate towards the negative center, their kinetic energy rises. If the ions collide in the center, they can fuse.The polywell is one of many devices that use an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. This branch of fusion research is known as inertial electrostatic confinement. The polywell was developed by Robert Bussard, as an improvement over the fusor. His company, EMC2, Inc., developed the initial devices for the U.S. Navy.