Precision of molecular time estimates
... early Carboniferous stem amniotes (, 340 MYA) and the earliest representatives of the bird (diapsid) and mammal (synapsid) amniote lineages in the late Carboniferous (,310 MYA), as detailed in Hedges et al. [3] and Kumar and Hedges [11]. (b) The probability distribution (triangular) roughly correspo ...
... early Carboniferous stem amniotes (, 340 MYA) and the earliest representatives of the bird (diapsid) and mammal (synapsid) amniote lineages in the late Carboniferous (,310 MYA), as detailed in Hedges et al. [3] and Kumar and Hedges [11]. (b) The probability distribution (triangular) roughly correspo ...
Systems of mating
... • Disassortative mating amplifies gene flow between the parental subpopulations. • Therefore, disassortative mating rapidly destroys genetic differences between historical subpopulations • Disassortative mating increases heterozygosity above random mating expectations for all loci with initial allel ...
... • Disassortative mating amplifies gene flow between the parental subpopulations. • Therefore, disassortative mating rapidly destroys genetic differences between historical subpopulations • Disassortative mating increases heterozygosity above random mating expectations for all loci with initial allel ...
Meme (French mème, German Mem), a term coined by Richard
... tongue, misinterpretations and the like) as well as by modification and recombination of memes by the bearer subjects (intentionally or because of, say, incorrect recollection). The reservoir of potential human bearers and their capacity for picking up, storing and passing on memes are limited. Ther ...
... tongue, misinterpretations and the like) as well as by modification and recombination of memes by the bearer subjects (intentionally or because of, say, incorrect recollection). The reservoir of potential human bearers and their capacity for picking up, storing and passing on memes are limited. Ther ...
Resource Mobilization Information Digest
... markets. For instance, the global market value of drugs derived from genetic resources is estimated to be US$ 75,000-150,000 million per year. The annual total value of sectors associated with the seeds market all over the world is US$ 45 billion, while the total output from the world’s agro- ecosys ...
... markets. For instance, the global market value of drugs derived from genetic resources is estimated to be US$ 75,000-150,000 million per year. The annual total value of sectors associated with the seeds market all over the world is US$ 45 billion, while the total output from the world’s agro- ecosys ...
The Number of Alleles that Can Be Maintained in a Finite Population
... almost entirely by effective population size and mutation rate, since overdominance increases the number of alleles only by the fraction Results of the calculations: Figures 1 to 5 show the values of F (the proportion of homozygous loci), n (the effective number of alleles maintained), and (the segr ...
... almost entirely by effective population size and mutation rate, since overdominance increases the number of alleles only by the fraction Results of the calculations: Figures 1 to 5 show the values of F (the proportion of homozygous loci), n (the effective number of alleles maintained), and (the segr ...
33_Lecture_Presentation_PC
... • Arthropods have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell • Arthropods have an open circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs • A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods ...
... • Arthropods have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell • Arthropods have an open circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs • A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods ...
Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint
... retical perspective helps to ensure that measurements and statistical procedures are made in a manner consistent with the theoretical context that motivated the measurements. All too often, data are collected with only a vague sense that they are correlated with something useful to know, and manipul ...
... retical perspective helps to ensure that measurements and statistical procedures are made in a manner consistent with the theoretical context that motivated the measurements. All too often, data are collected with only a vague sense that they are correlated with something useful to know, and manipul ...
Population divergence and candidate signatures of natural selection
... introducing novel genetic variation into populations (Chapman & Abbott 2010; Whitney et al. 2010). If populations are sufficiently isolated or incompatible following these major genomic changes, populations may ultimately diverge via genetic processes unrelated to adaptation (Soltis & Soltis 1999). ...
... introducing novel genetic variation into populations (Chapman & Abbott 2010; Whitney et al. 2010). If populations are sufficiently isolated or incompatible following these major genomic changes, populations may ultimately diverge via genetic processes unrelated to adaptation (Soltis & Soltis 1999). ...
Evolutionary History of Free-Swimming and
... avoid the effect of a sequence with a high substitution rate on tree topology, I did not include Herdmania in the analyses. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on 1,461 confidently aligned sites by the NJ (Saitou and Nei 1987), ML (Felsenstein 1981), and MP methods. The topologies of phylogenetic t ...
... avoid the effect of a sequence with a high substitution rate on tree topology, I did not include Herdmania in the analyses. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on 1,461 confidently aligned sites by the NJ (Saitou and Nei 1987), ML (Felsenstein 1981), and MP methods. The topologies of phylogenetic t ...
Mutations of the ret protooncogene in German multiple
... all but one MEN 2A families. In 48 of 59 families (81%), mutations were detected at codon 634 (exon 11; Table 3). In 10 (17%) of the 59 MEN 2A families, a mutation at exon 10 was found. At codon 634, the most frequent base change found in MEN 2A was TGC to CGC, which altered the amino acid sequencef ...
... all but one MEN 2A families. In 48 of 59 families (81%), mutations were detected at codon 634 (exon 11; Table 3). In 10 (17%) of the 59 MEN 2A families, a mutation at exon 10 was found. At codon 634, the most frequent base change found in MEN 2A was TGC to CGC, which altered the amino acid sequencef ...
Genetic Analysis of Apomixis
... technique for detection of apomixis, but is also the least reliable. Codominant or incompletely dominant alleles are necessary for proper classification of heterozygotes. Other factors, such as interference with meiotic crossing over, may make progeny appear to reproduce the maternal genotype when i ...
... technique for detection of apomixis, but is also the least reliable. Codominant or incompletely dominant alleles are necessary for proper classification of heterozygotes. Other factors, such as interference with meiotic crossing over, may make progeny appear to reproduce the maternal genotype when i ...
Open Access version via Utrecht University Repository
... (Johnston et al., 2001). A lot of research on the cause and development of mammary gland tumors has been done. The steroid hormone progesterone plays a major role in the development of mammae tumors in dogs. To exert its function, progesterone needs a receptor, the progesterone receptor (PR). The PR ...
... (Johnston et al., 2001). A lot of research on the cause and development of mammary gland tumors has been done. The steroid hormone progesterone plays a major role in the development of mammae tumors in dogs. To exert its function, progesterone needs a receptor, the progesterone receptor (PR). The PR ...
Name - Science CALC
... You only need one copy of a recessive allele in order to express a recessive trait. False Question Twenty Eight A trait that occurs in all of the males of a family and none of the females is probably X-linked. True Question Twenty Nine A mutation occurs when there is an error in the genetic code. Tr ...
... You only need one copy of a recessive allele in order to express a recessive trait. False Question Twenty Eight A trait that occurs in all of the males of a family and none of the females is probably X-linked. True Question Twenty Nine A mutation occurs when there is an error in the genetic code. Tr ...
Can a model with genetic groups for Mendelian sampling
... Increasing the number of progeny per sire (from 50 to 100) increased the selection differential for Mendelian sampling deviation and reduced it for parent averages (not shown). Thus, data were in better agreement with the assumptions in the genetic group model for this scenario, and the bias in esti ...
... Increasing the number of progeny per sire (from 50 to 100) increased the selection differential for Mendelian sampling deviation and reduced it for parent averages (not shown). Thus, data were in better agreement with the assumptions in the genetic group model for this scenario, and the bias in esti ...
Mating systems - WordPress.com
... • Sexual conflict – differential selection on males and females to maximize their fitness – Female fitness is most often limited by access to resources – Male fitness is most often limited by the number of mates ...
... • Sexual conflict – differential selection on males and females to maximize their fitness – Female fitness is most often limited by access to resources – Male fitness is most often limited by the number of mates ...
with a, x, z ∈ R. The minimal function set
... The first is its current location on the grid. The second is the direction it is facing, which is either left, right, up, or down. The ant has three possible things it can do. It can turn left, turn right, or move to the square that it is facing. It has only one sensor for its environment: a functio ...
... The first is its current location on the grid. The second is the direction it is facing, which is either left, right, up, or down. The ant has three possible things it can do. It can turn left, turn right, or move to the square that it is facing. It has only one sensor for its environment: a functio ...
Cultural transmission and the evolution of human behaviour: a
... Transmitted culture can be viewed as an inheritance system somewhat independent of genes that is subject to processes of descent with modification in its own right. Although many authors have conceptualized cultural change as a Darwinian process, there is no generally agreed formal framework for def ...
... Transmitted culture can be viewed as an inheritance system somewhat independent of genes that is subject to processes of descent with modification in its own right. Although many authors have conceptualized cultural change as a Darwinian process, there is no generally agreed formal framework for def ...
Cambrian “Explosion,”
... period of time lasting 32 million years.10 To put this in perspective, the time elapsed from the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous to the present has been 65 million years. The Cambrian was a very long period of time (see g. 1). If the Cambrian “explosion” is understood to ...
... period of time lasting 32 million years.10 To put this in perspective, the time elapsed from the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous to the present has been 65 million years. The Cambrian was a very long period of time (see g. 1). If the Cambrian “explosion” is understood to ...
Medullary thyroid cancer
... In this issue of Surgery, Bugalho and colleagues from Portugal, present their experience with RET testing of patients with sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Although their targeted approach to RET testing for patients in whom the mutation status is unknown (presumed sporadic M ...
... In this issue of Surgery, Bugalho and colleagues from Portugal, present their experience with RET testing of patients with sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Although their targeted approach to RET testing for patients in whom the mutation status is unknown (presumed sporadic M ...
Genetic Basis of Variation in Bacteria
... Organization of genetic material in bacteria: plasmids Examples of naturally-occuring plasmids and relevant features ...
... Organization of genetic material in bacteria: plasmids Examples of naturally-occuring plasmids and relevant features ...
Genetic testinG
... to produce. These proteins play many roles in the body and can affect physical characteristics, such as hair and eye color, as well as lead to certain genetic diseases. ...
... to produce. These proteins play many roles in the body and can affect physical characteristics, such as hair and eye color, as well as lead to certain genetic diseases. ...
HERE - DeRiemaker
... Which statement is another scienti cally reasonable explanation for the evolution of this behavior? ...
... Which statement is another scienti cally reasonable explanation for the evolution of this behavior? ...
basic features of breeding
... The improvement of cross pollinated organisms cannot be based on isolation of homozygous genotypes 1. As a consequence of outbreeding, any strain of outbreeding organism has heterogenous genotypes, each being to some extent different from the other ones in a given population 2. Induced selfing of ...
... The improvement of cross pollinated organisms cannot be based on isolation of homozygous genotypes 1. As a consequence of outbreeding, any strain of outbreeding organism has heterogenous genotypes, each being to some extent different from the other ones in a given population 2. Induced selfing of ...
Austrian Gene Technology Act – Provisions on Genetic Testing
... d) to the physician who has initiated the genetic tests and to the attending physician e) to another person only if the tested person has explicitly given a written consent to do so, whereupon a written revocation of this consent is possible at any time. 5. Data have to be protected in an appropriat ...
... d) to the physician who has initiated the genetic tests and to the attending physician e) to another person only if the tested person has explicitly given a written consent to do so, whereupon a written revocation of this consent is possible at any time. 5. Data have to be protected in an appropriat ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.