Evolutionary multi-objective optimization
... rank.This process continues until all the population is suitably ranked. Goldberg also suggested the use of some kind of niching technique to keep the GA from converging to a single point on the front. A niching mechanism such as fitness sharing [36] would allow the evolutionary algorithm to maintai ...
... rank.This process continues until all the population is suitably ranked. Goldberg also suggested the use of some kind of niching technique to keep the GA from converging to a single point on the front. A niching mechanism such as fitness sharing [36] would allow the evolutionary algorithm to maintai ...
Unit 7A Cells
... Which of the sheep might a farmer use to produce sheep with good wool that can survive in the Welsh mountains? A sheep farmer has a flock of Wensleydale sheep. To win a prize at the local farming show, he wants to have sheep with very long wool. Some time ago, he took the ewes (female sheep) and ram ...
... Which of the sheep might a farmer use to produce sheep with good wool that can survive in the Welsh mountains? A sheep farmer has a flock of Wensleydale sheep. To win a prize at the local farming show, he wants to have sheep with very long wool. Some time ago, he took the ewes (female sheep) and ram ...
Wells, Icons of Evolution
... This theory posits that “phylum-level differences could not have appeared right at the start. Yet that is what the fossil record shows.” (35) We call this “sudden” appearance of many phyla the Cambrian explosion, and biologists typically propose three solutions. “So the branching-tree pattern of e ...
... This theory posits that “phylum-level differences could not have appeared right at the start. Yet that is what the fossil record shows.” (35) We call this “sudden” appearance of many phyla the Cambrian explosion, and biologists typically propose three solutions. “So the branching-tree pattern of e ...
Gene Frequencies Lab
... 2. What happened to the number of the dominant gene from one generation to the next? What happened to its frequency? 3. What happened to the number of the recessive gene from one generation to the next? What happened to its frequency? 4. What would happen to the gene frequency of the recessive allel ...
... 2. What happened to the number of the dominant gene from one generation to the next? What happened to its frequency? 3. What happened to the number of the recessive gene from one generation to the next? What happened to its frequency? 4. What would happen to the gene frequency of the recessive allel ...
Molecular clock: insights and pitfalls
... The Neutral Theory of molecular evolution Rate of evolution: rate at which new alleles (created by mutation) are substituted for other alleles already present in the population. Kimura, 1968: When genetic drift is the only force in action Molecular rate of evolution = Mutation rate ν: Rate of neutr ...
... The Neutral Theory of molecular evolution Rate of evolution: rate at which new alleles (created by mutation) are substituted for other alleles already present in the population. Kimura, 1968: When genetic drift is the only force in action Molecular rate of evolution = Mutation rate ν: Rate of neutr ...
Slide 1
... 1. Randomly generate initial population of 100 chromosomes among N! options 2. Repeat until increase in fitness value stops for a sufficient no of generations 3. Repeat for 100 times (to populate new generation of 100 offspring) o Randomly selected 10 individuals from the current population o Calcul ...
... 1. Randomly generate initial population of 100 chromosomes among N! options 2. Repeat until increase in fitness value stops for a sufficient no of generations 3. Repeat for 100 times (to populate new generation of 100 offspring) o Randomly selected 10 individuals from the current population o Calcul ...
Quantitative Genetics
... normal distribution (also known as Gaussian distribution or bell curve). These curves are characterized by the mean (mid-point) and by the variance (width). Often standard deviation, the square root of variance, is used as a measure of the curve’s width. 1. continuous trait: can take on any value: h ...
... normal distribution (also known as Gaussian distribution or bell curve). These curves are characterized by the mean (mid-point) and by the variance (width). Often standard deviation, the square root of variance, is used as a measure of the curve’s width. 1. continuous trait: can take on any value: h ...
Powerpoint
... • Divergence between species, as well as divergence between replicate population of the same species in the same hydrodynamic environments (lake vs. stream) followed gmax – Between-species and within species divergence in the same hydrodynamic environments consistent with drift • However, populatio ...
... • Divergence between species, as well as divergence between replicate population of the same species in the same hydrodynamic environments (lake vs. stream) followed gmax – Between-species and within species divergence in the same hydrodynamic environments consistent with drift • However, populatio ...
Molluscan Studies - Oxford Academic
... Ribi, 1994), but there is also evidence suggesting that alleles may be shared because of common ancestry (Katoh & Ribi, 1997). First-generation hybrids are predominantly males (Trüb & Ribi, 1997) and have 16 chromosomes (Sbilordo, 2010). Although meiosis in hybrid males is irregular and multivalent ...
... Ribi, 1994), but there is also evidence suggesting that alleles may be shared because of common ancestry (Katoh & Ribi, 1997). First-generation hybrids are predominantly males (Trüb & Ribi, 1997) and have 16 chromosomes (Sbilordo, 2010). Although meiosis in hybrid males is irregular and multivalent ...
We can also cause evolution to happen in the laboratory, particularly
... ordinary bacteria and reach fresh food first. They could then reproduce faster, leaving behind more offspring. As a result, each population of the bacteria rapidly turned into pure hyperswarmers. Hyperswarmers evolved so reliably in Dr. Xavier’s experiments that he began to wonder why they had never ...
... ordinary bacteria and reach fresh food first. They could then reproduce faster, leaving behind more offspring. As a result, each population of the bacteria rapidly turned into pure hyperswarmers. Hyperswarmers evolved so reliably in Dr. Xavier’s experiments that he began to wonder why they had never ...
The Tetrapoda, and Considerations of Amphibian Origins
... amphibians were able to do more than any modern lungfish: while the latter simply hunker down and wait for better (i.e., wetter) times, the earliest amphibians could move across a mosaic of drying ponds, perhaps feasting on the stranded aquatic critters. (Note how a proto-amphib with this ability w ...
... amphibians were able to do more than any modern lungfish: while the latter simply hunker down and wait for better (i.e., wetter) times, the earliest amphibians could move across a mosaic of drying ponds, perhaps feasting on the stranded aquatic critters. (Note how a proto-amphib with this ability w ...
The influence of insects and hummingbirds on the
... 2006). Consequently, the magnitude of the pollination-herbivory interaction may drive the flower phenotype far away from expectations based solely on single population and single interaction analyses. In addition, if evolution of floral traits is driven by nonpollinator factors, such as random drift ...
... 2006). Consequently, the magnitude of the pollination-herbivory interaction may drive the flower phenotype far away from expectations based solely on single population and single interaction analyses. In addition, if evolution of floral traits is driven by nonpollinator factors, such as random drift ...
Population Before Selection
... cracking seeds. Each point shows the mean offspring bill depth and its corresonding midparent value (the average of the two parents). The relation between between these measures in 1976 (red circles) had a slope of 0.82 (red line). A drought in 1978 produced tougher seeds with lower water content: f ...
... cracking seeds. Each point shows the mean offspring bill depth and its corresonding midparent value (the average of the two parents). The relation between between these measures in 1976 (red circles) had a slope of 0.82 (red line). A drought in 1978 produced tougher seeds with lower water content: f ...
p AB - UCL
... Disequilibrium actually declines by a fraction given by the recombination rate) every generation If c = % recombination, then: Dt = Dt-1 (1 -c) after many generations (t): ...
... Disequilibrium actually declines by a fraction given by the recombination rate) every generation If c = % recombination, then: Dt = Dt-1 (1 -c) after many generations (t): ...
No Slide Title
... • Phylogenetic congruence between bacteria and host usually absent– horizontal transmission? • May cause rapid speciation in arthropods (Laven 1959, 1967; Breeuwer & Werren 1990) ...
... • Phylogenetic congruence between bacteria and host usually absent– horizontal transmission? • May cause rapid speciation in arthropods (Laven 1959, 1967; Breeuwer & Werren 1990) ...
Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic
... and distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary and conservation biology. To do so accurately genetic data must be analysed in conjunction with an unambiguous understanding of the historical processes that have acted upon the populations. Her ...
... and distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary and conservation biology. To do so accurately genetic data must be analysed in conjunction with an unambiguous understanding of the historical processes that have acted upon the populations. Her ...
a non-synonymous mutation.
... Structural effects of mutations on the protein • Mutations can also be subdivided into two main groups according to the effect on the polypeptide sequence of the encoded protein, being either: ...
... Structural effects of mutations on the protein • Mutations can also be subdivided into two main groups according to the effect on the polypeptide sequence of the encoded protein, being either: ...
Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Panel
... by episodes of syncope that are typically brought on by emotional distress or exercise. Although affected individuals typically have normal heart rhythms at rest, stress can cause ventricular tachycardia which can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death, even in individuals with no prior s ...
... by episodes of syncope that are typically brought on by emotional distress or exercise. Although affected individuals typically have normal heart rhythms at rest, stress can cause ventricular tachycardia which can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death, even in individuals with no prior s ...
Neo-Darwinists and Neo-Aristotelians: how to talk about natural
... theoretical and scientific basis for the teleological notions of purposiveness that underlie these strategic conceptions of the living world within a structure of explanation focused exclusively on the question of causation. Mayr divided the central questions of biology first into ‘‘How?’’ questions ...
... theoretical and scientific basis for the teleological notions of purposiveness that underlie these strategic conceptions of the living world within a structure of explanation focused exclusively on the question of causation. Mayr divided the central questions of biology first into ‘‘How?’’ questions ...
Genes, Phenes and the Baldwin Effect
... bit farther from the Good Gene may still be able to learn to hum Middle C, eventually, but will have to adopt a variety of clever strategies to do so. Most people, though, could try forever and still never be able to hum Middle C correctly. They are genetically too far from the Good Gene. This is a ...
... bit farther from the Good Gene may still be able to learn to hum Middle C, eventually, but will have to adopt a variety of clever strategies to do so. Most people, though, could try forever and still never be able to hum Middle C correctly. They are genetically too far from the Good Gene. This is a ...
A survey of Evolutionary Algorithms for Data Mining and Knowledge
... This metric is symbolized by %[O] where %[O] = the proportion of the Optimal solution in the rule population on a given time step. This metric has been shown to have greater discriminatory power than the performance metric introduced by Wilson. Wilson’s “performance” is defined as a moving average o ...
... This metric is symbolized by %[O] where %[O] = the proportion of the Optimal solution in the rule population on a given time step. This metric has been shown to have greater discriminatory power than the performance metric introduced by Wilson. Wilson’s “performance” is defined as a moving average o ...
KBS和KM
... We are able to combine the speed of the traditional methods with the more comprehensive search of the GA. GA employ useful heuristics for achieving higher levels of support while maintaining high accuracy. The GA is about two or three orders of magnitude slower than a TI algorithm. Explainability is ...
... We are able to combine the speed of the traditional methods with the more comprehensive search of the GA. GA employ useful heuristics for achieving higher levels of support while maintaining high accuracy. The GA is about two or three orders of magnitude slower than a TI algorithm. Explainability is ...
Dolieslager SM, Riggio MP, Lennon A, Lappin DF, Johnston N
... Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that causes severe pain and distress. There are currently no specific treatment methods available and little is known regarding its aetiology, although bacteria are thought to play a major role. The purpose of ...
... Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that causes severe pain and distress. There are currently no specific treatment methods available and little is known regarding its aetiology, although bacteria are thought to play a major role. The purpose of ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.