What is an earthquake
... 31. Click on “The Restless Planet: Earthquakes”. Scroll down to the three green boxes showing the surface wave, primary wave and secondary wave animations. Click on the start button of each of these and summarize the wave action for each. ...
... 31. Click on “The Restless Planet: Earthquakes”. Scroll down to the three green boxes showing the surface wave, primary wave and secondary wave animations. Click on the start button of each of these and summarize the wave action for each. ...
Contributions of poroelastic rebound and a weak volcanic arc to the
... repeatedly surveyed by the Japanese Coast Guard, starting 2 to 4 weeks after the earthquake (Japan Coast Guard 2012; Japan Coast Guard and Tohoku University 2013; Watanabe et al. 2014) (Figure 1). The GPS-A station displacements are also relative to station FUKUE. The elastic strain associated with ...
... repeatedly surveyed by the Japanese Coast Guard, starting 2 to 4 weeks after the earthquake (Japan Coast Guard 2012; Japan Coast Guard and Tohoku University 2013; Watanabe et al. 2014) (Figure 1). The GPS-A station displacements are also relative to station FUKUE. The elastic strain associated with ...
Chapters 9-12 Take-Home Quiz
... 3. Fractures in rock along which there is no movement or displacement are called _____________. 4. Fractures in rock along which movement has occurred are known as _________________. 5. When geologist talk about the _____________ of a rock layer, they refer to a compass direction measured parallel t ...
... 3. Fractures in rock along which there is no movement or displacement are called _____________. 4. Fractures in rock along which movement has occurred are known as _________________. 5. When geologist talk about the _____________ of a rock layer, they refer to a compass direction measured parallel t ...
Section 4 Deforming the Earth`s Crust
... • Uplifting of Depressed Rocks: Uplift can occur when large areas of land rise without deforming. • One way areas rise without deforming is process known as rebound. When the crust rebounds, it slowly springs back to its previous elevation. ...
... • Uplifting of Depressed Rocks: Uplift can occur when large areas of land rise without deforming. • One way areas rise without deforming is process known as rebound. When the crust rebounds, it slowly springs back to its previous elevation. ...
ABC_Plate_Tectonics
... processes. Thus in most cases isostatic equilibrium - the balance that keeps continents floating where calculations say they should be - is maintained. The rate of isostacy can best be illustrated in Scandinavia, which 8,000 to 10,000 years ago was covered by a large ice cap. The weight of the ice c ...
... processes. Thus in most cases isostatic equilibrium - the balance that keeps continents floating where calculations say they should be - is maintained. The rate of isostacy can best be illustrated in Scandinavia, which 8,000 to 10,000 years ago was covered by a large ice cap. The weight of the ice c ...
lithosphere_42344
... 1) The high velocity of the lid can not be explained by temperature alone. This suggests a compositional component to the lithosphere and associated properties. Likely sources of compositional differences wrt the deeper mantle are: - depletion in volatiles - existence of an eclogite phase 2) The LVZ ...
... 1) The high velocity of the lid can not be explained by temperature alone. This suggests a compositional component to the lithosphere and associated properties. Likely sources of compositional differences wrt the deeper mantle are: - depletion in volatiles - existence of an eclogite phase 2) The LVZ ...
Click here for the "PHET Simulation - Plate
... Directions: The Earth is extremely dynamic! From the water cycle to the rock cycle, much of the Earth is always in motion. Much like a puzzle, the Earth is composed of numerous tectonic plates, each of which moves in a unique direction at unique rates. Throughout this activity, explore plate tectoni ...
... Directions: The Earth is extremely dynamic! From the water cycle to the rock cycle, much of the Earth is always in motion. Much like a puzzle, the Earth is composed of numerous tectonic plates, each of which moves in a unique direction at unique rates. Throughout this activity, explore plate tectoni ...
Eclogite Engine
... Dry peridotite can only melt in very shallow mantle; hence adiabatic ascent at ridges Eclogite can melt much deeper, and much more, even when colder; hence, “midplate magmatism” ...
... Dry peridotite can only melt in very shallow mantle; hence adiabatic ascent at ridges Eclogite can melt much deeper, and much more, even when colder; hence, “midplate magmatism” ...
Reprint-PDF
... each time step, in dependence from the computed CMB heat flow (Steinbach et al., 1993; Honda and Iwase, 1996). Now, both, CMB temperature and CMB heat flow, are dependent on time. As a third innovation, the Newtonian rheology has been supplemented by a viscoplastic yield stress, σy . We made a varia ...
... each time step, in dependence from the computed CMB heat flow (Steinbach et al., 1993; Honda and Iwase, 1996). Now, both, CMB temperature and CMB heat flow, are dependent on time. As a third innovation, the Newtonian rheology has been supplemented by a viscoplastic yield stress, σy . We made a varia ...
The Marine Environment
... century, Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.5°C. As Earth’s surface temperature rises, seawater warms up and as it warms, it also expands, which adds to the total volume of the seas. In addition, higher temperatures on Earth’s surface cause glaciers to melt, and the ...
... century, Earth’s average surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.5°C. As Earth’s surface temperature rises, seawater warms up and as it warms, it also expands, which adds to the total volume of the seas. In addition, higher temperatures on Earth’s surface cause glaciers to melt, and the ...
Plate Tectonics - Bakersfield College
... Plates slide past one another and no new lithosphere is created or destroyed Transform faults ...
... Plates slide past one another and no new lithosphere is created or destroyed Transform faults ...
Plate Tectonics
... Mechanical Structure of Earth Use this structure when discussing plate motions Structure based on two criteria: ...
... Mechanical Structure of Earth Use this structure when discussing plate motions Structure based on two criteria: ...
Differential Rotation Between Lithosphere and Mantle: A
... samphngdifferent plates where the absolutevelocity is a pri- relative plate motion modelsare only valid for the present ori knownto be of order or larger than 1.5 cm/yr. The traces time and the very last million years, whereasthe hotspots are all taken from the data that entered in the construction ...
... samphngdifferent plates where the absolutevelocity is a pri- relative plate motion modelsare only valid for the present ori knownto be of order or larger than 1.5 cm/yr. The traces time and the very last million years, whereasthe hotspots are all taken from the data that entered in the construction ...
large igneous provinces and fertile mantle
... seismic velocities and melting point compared to normal mantle peridotite. Although delaminated continental crust enters the mantle at much lower rates than oceanic crust, the rates are comparable to LIP production volumes. I speculate that the large melting anomalies that form on or near ridges and ...
... seismic velocities and melting point compared to normal mantle peridotite. Although delaminated continental crust enters the mantle at much lower rates than oceanic crust, the rates are comparable to LIP production volumes. I speculate that the large melting anomalies that form on or near ridges and ...
Can we bridge geophysics,geochemistry & geodynamics?
... Dry peridotite can only melt in very shallow mantle; hence adiabatic ascent at ridges Eclogite can melt much deeper, and much more, even when colder; hence, “midplate magmatism” ...
... Dry peridotite can only melt in very shallow mantle; hence adiabatic ascent at ridges Eclogite can melt much deeper, and much more, even when colder; hence, “midplate magmatism” ...
The Historical Background
... (10,000 years ago), which they called the Fennoscandian rebound. The accepted explanation for this phenomenon was that during the Pleistocene epoch, the region had been depressed under the weight of a thick sheet of glacial ice; as the ice gradually melted, the land surface gradually rebounded. This ...
... (10,000 years ago), which they called the Fennoscandian rebound. The accepted explanation for this phenomenon was that during the Pleistocene epoch, the region had been depressed under the weight of a thick sheet of glacial ice; as the ice gradually melted, the land surface gradually rebounded. This ...
Summary and review
... When were rocks brought up from depth (exhumed)? How fast? How did this all happen? To get at displacement on BIG structures- need to know depths/temperatures from which rocks were brought up- thermobarometry To get at timing- need geochronology and ...
... When were rocks brought up from depth (exhumed)? How fast? How did this all happen? To get at displacement on BIG structures- need to know depths/temperatures from which rocks were brought up- thermobarometry To get at timing- need geochronology and ...
IDS 102 Plate Tectonics Questions Part I: Observations
... because it is hot and less dense than the surrounding rocks. 2. What types of faults would you expect to see (normal, reverse, thrust, or strike-slip) at the divergent zone? There is a down-dropped valley along the crest of the ridge, what is the origin of this valley? The faults are normal faults—w ...
... because it is hot and less dense than the surrounding rocks. 2. What types of faults would you expect to see (normal, reverse, thrust, or strike-slip) at the divergent zone? There is a down-dropped valley along the crest of the ridge, what is the origin of this valley? The faults are normal faults—w ...
Earthquakes - Rosierulescience
... The New Madrid Fault Zone is part of an ancient plate boundary. • In this area, the North American Plate tried to form a divergent plate boundary about 500 million years ago. The splitting stopped before new plates could ...
... The New Madrid Fault Zone is part of an ancient plate boundary. • In this area, the North American Plate tried to form a divergent plate boundary about 500 million years ago. The splitting stopped before new plates could ...
Marine Geophysics
... 2. This force is only significant when young, relatively buoyant, oceanic crust is subducted. 3. Old oceanic crust dips at a steep angle, reducing friction with the overriding plate. 4. This force is velocity independent. 5. Together, the negative buoyancy of the sinking slab and the resistive natur ...
... 2. This force is only significant when young, relatively buoyant, oceanic crust is subducted. 3. Old oceanic crust dips at a steep angle, reducing friction with the overriding plate. 4. This force is velocity independent. 5. Together, the negative buoyancy of the sinking slab and the resistive natur ...
How large is the subducted water flux? New constraints on mantle
... Carlo simulation to set limits on long-term global water cycling and the return flux of water to the deep Earth. Estimates of magma production rates and water contents in primary magmas generated at ocean islands, mid-ocean ridges, arcs and back-arcs are paired with estimates of water entering trench ...
... Carlo simulation to set limits on long-term global water cycling and the return flux of water to the deep Earth. Estimates of magma production rates and water contents in primary magmas generated at ocean islands, mid-ocean ridges, arcs and back-arcs are paired with estimates of water entering trench ...
Parai and Mukhopadhyay 2012
... Carlo simulation to set limits on long-term global water cycling and the return flux of water to the deep Earth. Estimates of magma production rates and water contents in primary magmas generated at ocean islands, mid-ocean ridges, arcs and back-arcs are paired with estimates of water entering trench ...
... Carlo simulation to set limits on long-term global water cycling and the return flux of water to the deep Earth. Estimates of magma production rates and water contents in primary magmas generated at ocean islands, mid-ocean ridges, arcs and back-arcs are paired with estimates of water entering trench ...
Plate Tectonics
... A hypothesis proposed by Harry Hess What if the sea floor moves too? What if the entire crust of Earth is mobile? The continents drift and the sea floor spreads ...
... A hypothesis proposed by Harry Hess What if the sea floor moves too? What if the entire crust of Earth is mobile? The continents drift and the sea floor spreads ...
Plate Tectonics as a Far- From- Equilibrium Self
... or energy, non-linear interconnectedness of system components, dissipation and a mechanism for exporting entropy products (19). Under these conditions the system responds as a whole, and in such a way as to minimize entropy production (dissipation). Certain fluctuations are amplified and stabilized ...
... or energy, non-linear interconnectedness of system components, dissipation and a mechanism for exporting entropy products (19). Under these conditions the system responds as a whole, and in such a way as to minimize entropy production (dissipation). Certain fluctuations are amplified and stabilized ...
earthquakes our restless planet
... Earthquakes also occur near other types of plate borders: subduction zones and transform faults. Subduction zones are areas where one plate dives, or subducts, beneath another. Transform faults are areas where plates slide past each other. We learn that the grinding of plates has been going on for s ...
... Earthquakes also occur near other types of plate borders: subduction zones and transform faults. Subduction zones are areas where one plate dives, or subducts, beneath another. Transform faults are areas where plates slide past each other. We learn that the grinding of plates has been going on for s ...
Post-glacial rebound
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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.