Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics
... plants were found on the island of Spitsbergen in the Arctic Ocean. To explain this, Wegener hypothesized that Spitsbergen drifted from tropical regions to the arctic. Wegener also used continental drift to explain evidence of glaciers found in temperate and tropical areas. Glacial deposits and rock ...
... plants were found on the island of Spitsbergen in the Arctic Ocean. To explain this, Wegener hypothesized that Spitsbergen drifted from tropical regions to the arctic. Wegener also used continental drift to explain evidence of glaciers found in temperate and tropical areas. Glacial deposits and rock ...
Understanding Our Environment
... Earthquakes are caused by grinding and jerking as plates slide past each other. Mountain ranges pushed up at the margins of colliding plates. - When an oceanic plate collides with a continental landmass, the continental plate will ride up over the seafloor and the oceanic plate will subduct down i ...
... Earthquakes are caused by grinding and jerking as plates slide past each other. Mountain ranges pushed up at the margins of colliding plates. - When an oceanic plate collides with a continental landmass, the continental plate will ride up over the seafloor and the oceanic plate will subduct down i ...
Volcano instability induced by strike
... develop parallel to the regional sHmax play an important role in volcanic slope failure. Not all volcanoes, however, show the similar response to tectonic stress suggested by Moriya (1980). In many cases volcanoes show cylindrical vent systems with widely varying dike orientations (Siebert 1984). In ...
... develop parallel to the regional sHmax play an important role in volcanic slope failure. Not all volcanoes, however, show the similar response to tectonic stress suggested by Moriya (1980). In many cases volcanoes show cylindrical vent systems with widely varying dike orientations (Siebert 1984). In ...
a collisional model for the Grenville-aged orogenic belt - Cin
... eclogitic mafic layers in the VSD that yield mini- eastern uplift, though locally more complex, but mum pressures of ~1.4 GPa at temperatures near deformation is widely distributed and intimately 650 °C (Carlson et al., 2007); garnet cores formed associated with partial melting and intrusions at amp ...
... eclogitic mafic layers in the VSD that yield mini- eastern uplift, though locally more complex, but mum pressures of ~1.4 GPa at temperatures near deformation is widely distributed and intimately 650 °C (Carlson et al., 2007); garnet cores formed associated with partial melting and intrusions at amp ...
2. Disaster setting - World Health Organization
... people’s lives. Often concealed by cloud, Nyiragongo has been reluctant to yield its secrets. The earliest European explorers were drawn to the red glow of its crater against the night sky, and an expedition eventually forged a way through almost impenetrable vegetation to reach the summit in 1894. ...
... people’s lives. Often concealed by cloud, Nyiragongo has been reluctant to yield its secrets. The earliest European explorers were drawn to the red glow of its crater against the night sky, and an expedition eventually forged a way through almost impenetrable vegetation to reach the summit in 1894. ...
Relationship between seismic and gravity anomalies at
... the Víti crater). Because they do not show strong shear wave attenuation, they do not represent magma. It is probably due to high porosity in the basaltic intrusive and is related to geothermal aquifers. Seismic velocity structure at Krafla is characterized by large variations in compressional veloc ...
... the Víti crater). Because they do not show strong shear wave attenuation, they do not represent magma. It is probably due to high porosity in the basaltic intrusive and is related to geothermal aquifers. Seismic velocity structure at Krafla is characterized by large variations in compressional veloc ...
Spreading Continents Kick-Started Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics
... oceanic lid (i.e. its gravitational power) three situations can arise: i/ subduction initiates and stalls ...
... oceanic lid (i.e. its gravitational power) three situations can arise: i/ subduction initiates and stalls ...
Site Account
... pyroclastic beds focused on the depositional processes and environments (Brenchley, 1964, ...
... pyroclastic beds focused on the depositional processes and environments (Brenchley, 1964, ...
Snacktectonics
... Purpose of Activity: To model the interactions of Earth’s lithosphere (tectonic plates) as they slowly move on the Earth’s mantle (asthenosphere), through the use of snack foods. Background for Activity: The theory of plate tectonics says that the crust of the Earth is composed of separate plates wh ...
... Purpose of Activity: To model the interactions of Earth’s lithosphere (tectonic plates) as they slowly move on the Earth’s mantle (asthenosphere), through the use of snack foods. Background for Activity: The theory of plate tectonics says that the crust of the Earth is composed of separate plates wh ...
South coast of Arran
... Kildonan (NS 037 208), including the sea cliffs near Bennan Head. The exposures of the dyke swarm are principally on the shore (Figs 6.8 and 6.9); the composite sill is seen in the cliffs at Bennan Head and in small quarries to the north. The southern Arran dyke swarm in this area has a dominant NW– ...
... Kildonan (NS 037 208), including the sea cliffs near Bennan Head. The exposures of the dyke swarm are principally on the shore (Figs 6.8 and 6.9); the composite sill is seen in the cliffs at Bennan Head and in small quarries to the north. The southern Arran dyke swarm in this area has a dominant NW– ...
Meteorology
... Heat affects the body – When your body is overheated, the additional stress can cause medical problems a. Your body’s thermostat, the hypothalmus determines that the body is too warm. b. Sweating increases in an effort to carry heat from deep inside the body to the surface of the skin. c. If water l ...
... Heat affects the body – When your body is overheated, the additional stress can cause medical problems a. Your body’s thermostat, the hypothalmus determines that the body is too warm. b. Sweating increases in an effort to carry heat from deep inside the body to the surface of the skin. c. If water l ...
Volcanism in the Afar Rift sustained by decompression melting with
... the plume was large. Numerical models indicate that a large initial signature is required to produce flood basalts, without which volcanism would also shut off within a few million years23 . Melt buoyancy may enhance focused upwelling and melting beneath the rift, extending volcanism for an addition ...
... the plume was large. Numerical models indicate that a large initial signature is required to produce flood basalts, without which volcanism would also shut off within a few million years23 . Melt buoyancy may enhance focused upwelling and melting beneath the rift, extending volcanism for an addition ...
Can slab melting be caused by flat subduction
... Slab melting has been suggested as a likely source of adakitic arc magmas (i.e., andesitic and dacitic magmas strongly depleted in Y and heavy rare earth elements). Existing numerical and petrologic models, however, restrict partial melting to very young (15Ma) oceanic crust (typically at 60-SO km d ...
... Slab melting has been suggested as a likely source of adakitic arc magmas (i.e., andesitic and dacitic magmas strongly depleted in Y and heavy rare earth elements). Existing numerical and petrologic models, however, restrict partial melting to very young (15Ma) oceanic crust (typically at 60-SO km d ...
(2013) Porous fluid flow enables oceanic subduction initiation on
... 200 MPa to 0.60 at higher pressures [Brace and Kohlstedt, 1980; Byerlee, 1978] (Byerlee law). It is notably lower (0.15–0.45) [Escartin et al., 2001; Moore et al., 1996, 1997; Reinen et al., 1994] for serpentinized peridotites present at oceanic transform plate boundaries [Gregg et al., 2007; Planer ...
... 200 MPa to 0.60 at higher pressures [Brace and Kohlstedt, 1980; Byerlee, 1978] (Byerlee law). It is notably lower (0.15–0.45) [Escartin et al., 2001; Moore et al., 1996, 1997; Reinen et al., 1994] for serpentinized peridotites present at oceanic transform plate boundaries [Gregg et al., 2007; Planer ...
Geodynamic evolution of the Earth over the Phanerozoic: Plate
... Earth’s history is reconstructed by redistributing the GDUs through space and time. The GDUs position is controlled by palaeogeographic data (e.g., palaeoclimatology, pal‑ aeobiogeography, palaeomagnetism; see below) associ‑ ated with geological data of geodynamic interest. A GDU is a spatial object ...
... Earth’s history is reconstructed by redistributing the GDUs through space and time. The GDUs position is controlled by palaeogeographic data (e.g., palaeoclimatology, pal‑ aeobiogeography, palaeomagnetism; see below) associ‑ ated with geological data of geodynamic interest. A GDU is a spatial object ...
Awassa subsheet 0738_C4_20140116
... fall may cover the town of Hawasa but most likely the areas around the town of Shashemene and between Shashemene, Hawasa and Wendo Koshe. In addition, these Plinian eruptions are associated with pyroclastic flows. These endanger the area within Corbetti Caldera to the north of Wendo Koshe (Korbeti v ...
... fall may cover the town of Hawasa but most likely the areas around the town of Shashemene and between Shashemene, Hawasa and Wendo Koshe. In addition, these Plinian eruptions are associated with pyroclastic flows. These endanger the area within Corbetti Caldera to the north of Wendo Koshe (Korbeti v ...
Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc
... probably transported upward through this upwelling flow to reach shallow levels beneath the Backbone Range where they are expelled from solidified magma and migrate further upward. The existence of aqueous fluids may weaken the surrounding crustal rocks, resulting in local contractive deformation an ...
... probably transported upward through this upwelling flow to reach shallow levels beneath the Backbone Range where they are expelled from solidified magma and migrate further upward. The existence of aqueous fluids may weaken the surrounding crustal rocks, resulting in local contractive deformation an ...
A free plate surface and weak oceanic crust
... friction coefficients and requires a moderate increase of viscosity with depth in order to avoid slab break-off. The lithospheric strength, here controlled by the friction coefficient, is a key parameter controlling subduction style. While weak plates result in unsteady ‘blob-like’ subduction, asymm ...
... friction coefficients and requires a moderate increase of viscosity with depth in order to avoid slab break-off. The lithospheric strength, here controlled by the friction coefficient, is a key parameter controlling subduction style. While weak plates result in unsteady ‘blob-like’ subduction, asymm ...
old exam questions
... d. normal fault e. reverse fault 66. Using the same slide as above, which seismograph is closer to the epicenter? a. Alaska b. North Carolina c. Hawaii 67. The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is a value that … a. is independent of where it is measured. b. is higher at places closer to the epicent ...
... d. normal fault e. reverse fault 66. Using the same slide as above, which seismograph is closer to the epicenter? a. Alaska b. North Carolina c. Hawaii 67. The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is a value that … a. is independent of where it is measured. b. is higher at places closer to the epicent ...
200 K higher than assumed in
... than MORB & ambient mantle?”, but rather “With a 200 km thick insulating boundary layer are plumes needed at all?” “Considering the subadiabatic nature of the deep mantle geotherm (in the presence of internal heating & cold slabs) are plumes even useful for the purpose intended?” “If the boundary la ...
... than MORB & ambient mantle?”, but rather “With a 200 km thick insulating boundary layer are plumes needed at all?” “Considering the subadiabatic nature of the deep mantle geotherm (in the presence of internal heating & cold slabs) are plumes even useful for the purpose intended?” “If the boundary la ...
20 - Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
... (b) pressure altitude; (c) flight levels (FL). 20.10.18 Define the transition layer (as it applies in New Zealand), with reference to the: (a) transition altitude; (b) transition level; (c) exceptions that apply to (a) and (b) above. 20.10.20 Explain why transition layers in other countries are fou ...
... (b) pressure altitude; (c) flight levels (FL). 20.10.18 Define the transition layer (as it applies in New Zealand), with reference to the: (a) transition altitude; (b) transition level; (c) exceptions that apply to (a) and (b) above. 20.10.20 Explain why transition layers in other countries are fou ...
Tectonic–climatic interaction
Tectonic–climatic interaction is the interrelationship between tectonic processes and the climate system. The tectonic processes in question include orogenesis, volcanism, and erosion, while relevant climatic processes include atmospheric circulation, orographic lift, monsoon circulation and the rain shadow effect. As the geological record of past climate changes over millions of years is sparse and poorly resolved, many questions remain unresolved regarding the nature of tectonic-climate interaction, although it is an area of active research by geologists and palaeoclimatologists.