fault
... Stress cycle: prediction models τ1 is the shear stress at initiation of slip and reflects fault strength. τ2 is the shear stress at which slip ceases and reflects fault friction. (a) Characteristic model of stick-slip faulting. Each earthquake is identical in stress history, recurrence interval and ...
... Stress cycle: prediction models τ1 is the shear stress at initiation of slip and reflects fault strength. τ2 is the shear stress at which slip ceases and reflects fault friction. (a) Characteristic model of stick-slip faulting. Each earthquake is identical in stress history, recurrence interval and ...
Insights into extensional processes during magma assisted rifting
... In southern Ethiopia, the initiation of rifting is thought to be ~18–20 Ma (WoldeGabriel et al., 1990; 1991; Ebinger et al., 1993; Yemane et al., 1999; Bonini et al., 2005). The most recently rifted (5–12 Ma) portion of the Main Ethiopian Rift is in central Ethiopia between 7 and 10°N (Fig. 1: Wolde ...
... In southern Ethiopia, the initiation of rifting is thought to be ~18–20 Ma (WoldeGabriel et al., 1990; 1991; Ebinger et al., 1993; Yemane et al., 1999; Bonini et al., 2005). The most recently rifted (5–12 Ma) portion of the Main Ethiopian Rift is in central Ethiopia between 7 and 10°N (Fig. 1: Wolde ...
Interseismic coupling, stress evolution, and earthquake slip on the
... 1797 and 1861, and the areas of these events seem to correspond well with the regions of high coupling [Chlieh et al., 2008]. Specifically, the 1797 and 1833 events primarily ruptured the highly coupled regions in the Mentawai Islands, whereas the northern portion of the 1861 earthquake occurred in t ...
... 1797 and 1861, and the areas of these events seem to correspond well with the regions of high coupling [Chlieh et al., 2008]. Specifically, the 1797 and 1833 events primarily ruptured the highly coupled regions in the Mentawai Islands, whereas the northern portion of the 1861 earthquake occurred in t ...
Hotspots and Melting anomalies - Earth and Environmental Sciences
... complemented by laboratory and theoretical modeling. Melt can be generated by variations in temperature, composition, and mantle upwelling. While there is a variety of petrologic and geophysical evidence for the magmatism at hotspots such as Hawaii, Galápagos, and Iceland being caused by large incre ...
... complemented by laboratory and theoretical modeling. Melt can be generated by variations in temperature, composition, and mantle upwelling. While there is a variety of petrologic and geophysical evidence for the magmatism at hotspots such as Hawaii, Galápagos, and Iceland being caused by large incre ...
Experimental_laboratory_files/2004_The source of Granites
... conditions. The paradox is that none of the known crustal sources wholly satisfies all the essential geochemical and isotopic features of granites. The thermodynamic minimum also has the effect that residual melts left after crystal fractionation from a wide variety of magmas will tend towards granit ...
... conditions. The paradox is that none of the known crustal sources wholly satisfies all the essential geochemical and isotopic features of granites. The thermodynamic minimum also has the effect that residual melts left after crystal fractionation from a wide variety of magmas will tend towards granit ...
Deep-sea basins of the Atlantic ocean
... The next step in this direction was supported by the data for the overthrusts [Pilipenko, 1993] discovered in two sites of the Brazil Basin, also located along the Angola-Brazil transect west and east of 30◦ W. The western site shows a series of lithologic sheets separated by low-angle overthrusts w ...
... The next step in this direction was supported by the data for the overthrusts [Pilipenko, 1993] discovered in two sites of the Brazil Basin, also located along the Angola-Brazil transect west and east of 30◦ W. The western site shows a series of lithologic sheets separated by low-angle overthrusts w ...
KENT C. CONDIE
... biology, chemistry, and physics that most students in the Earth Sciences acquire during their undergraduate education. It also may serve as a reference book for various specialists in the geological sciences who want to keep abreast of scientific advances in this field. I have attempted to synthesiz ...
... biology, chemistry, and physics that most students in the Earth Sciences acquire during their undergraduate education. It also may serve as a reference book for various specialists in the geological sciences who want to keep abreast of scientific advances in this field. I have attempted to synthesiz ...
Convection in a partially molten metasedimentary crust? Insights
... metatexite and schlieren migmatite with biotiterich selvedges, leucosome patches, and numerous metasedimentary xenoliths. This is followed by the 7–8-km-thick garnet-bearing schlieren migmatites, which are more homogeneous with numerous quartzitic, aluminous, and layered quartzofeldspathic schollen. ...
... metatexite and schlieren migmatite with biotiterich selvedges, leucosome patches, and numerous metasedimentary xenoliths. This is followed by the 7–8-km-thick garnet-bearing schlieren migmatites, which are more homogeneous with numerous quartzitic, aluminous, and layered quartzofeldspathic schollen. ...
Softening of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle by
... Thus, upwelling hot asthenosphere and diffuse porous flow of asthenospheric melts was accompanied by a temperature increase in the affected lithospheric mantle that brought it above the liquidus of percolating melts and close to the dry peridotite solidus, i.e., practically to asthenospheric tempera ...
... Thus, upwelling hot asthenosphere and diffuse porous flow of asthenospheric melts was accompanied by a temperature increase in the affected lithospheric mantle that brought it above the liquidus of percolating melts and close to the dry peridotite solidus, i.e., practically to asthenospheric tempera ...
Long-Term Volumetric Eruption Rates and Magma Budgets Scott M
... Despite the significant impact of volcanic systems on climate, geochemical cycles, geothermal resources and the evolution and heat budget of the crust, surprisingly little is known regarding the systematics of long-term rates of magma generation and eruption on Earth. Global rates of magma generatio ...
... Despite the significant impact of volcanic systems on climate, geochemical cycles, geothermal resources and the evolution and heat budget of the crust, surprisingly little is known regarding the systematics of long-term rates of magma generation and eruption on Earth. Global rates of magma generatio ...
SEISMIC ATTENUATION ANISOTROPY IN THE SOUTHERNMOST
... attenuation compared to other volcanic or tectonic regions. In an anisotropic medium, the attenuation depends on the propagation direction because scatters may be preferentially aligned. Recently, several techniques have been broadly adopted in seismic attenuation anisotropy studies to reveal the ph ...
... attenuation compared to other volcanic or tectonic regions. In an anisotropic medium, the attenuation depends on the propagation direction because scatters may be preferentially aligned. Recently, several techniques have been broadly adopted in seismic attenuation anisotropy studies to reveal the ph ...
Igneous Rock Associations 8. Arc Magmatism II: Geo
... In recent years, chemical studies of arc magmas have integrated data from major elements (those that typically comprise 0.1 wt % or higher), trace elements (less than 0.1 wt %), rare-earth elements (generally the “lanthanides”) and isotopes (typically RbSr, Sm-Nd and U-Pb systems). Important goals o ...
... In recent years, chemical studies of arc magmas have integrated data from major elements (those that typically comprise 0.1 wt % or higher), trace elements (less than 0.1 wt %), rare-earth elements (generally the “lanthanides”) and isotopes (typically RbSr, Sm-Nd and U-Pb systems). Important goals o ...
Origin of ocean island basalts: A new perspective from petrology
... Niu et al., 1999, 2002a] suggests that the source materials of these basalts are ancient and have developed their isotopic characteristics over a period in excess of 1.0 Gyr. If recycled ancient oceanic crusts played a role in the source regions of these oceanic basalts, then these ancient oceanic c ...
... Niu et al., 1999, 2002a] suggests that the source materials of these basalts are ancient and have developed their isotopic characteristics over a period in excess of 1.0 Gyr. If recycled ancient oceanic crusts played a role in the source regions of these oceanic basalts, then these ancient oceanic c ...
Philippine Sea Plate inception, evolution, and consumption with
... 60–55 Ma likely triggered the Oki-Daito plume occurrence, Mesozoic proto-PSP splitting, shortening and then failure across the paleo-transform boundary between the proto-PSP and the Pacific Plate, Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction initiation and ultimately PSP inception. (2) The initial splitting phase o ...
... 60–55 Ma likely triggered the Oki-Daito plume occurrence, Mesozoic proto-PSP splitting, shortening and then failure across the paleo-transform boundary between the proto-PSP and the Pacific Plate, Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction initiation and ultimately PSP inception. (2) The initial splitting phase o ...
EESUnit 2 With LEP (6-27-08)
... included. In each of the units, students will be practicing the processes of science: observing, hypothesizing, collecting data, analyzing, and concluding. The unit guide gives an overview of the activities that are suggested to meet the Standard Course of Study Goals for Unit Three. The guide inclu ...
... included. In each of the units, students will be practicing the processes of science: observing, hypothesizing, collecting data, analyzing, and concluding. The unit guide gives an overview of the activities that are suggested to meet the Standard Course of Study Goals for Unit Three. The guide inclu ...
Mantle Mixing - Earth and Environmental Sciences
... than the layered mantle prediction. The third approach to determine the OIB source 3He concentration has focused on the relationship between 3He/4He and Pb-Nd-Sr isotopes. In the case of simple two component mixing between the plume source and depleted MORB mantle (DMM) the mixing constant K, for th ...
... than the layered mantle prediction. The third approach to determine the OIB source 3He concentration has focused on the relationship between 3He/4He and Pb-Nd-Sr isotopes. In the case of simple two component mixing between the plume source and depleted MORB mantle (DMM) the mixing constant K, for th ...
Origin of carbonatites in the South Qinling orogen:
... Most studies of compositional heterogeneities in the mantle, related to recycling of crustal sediments or delaminated subcontinental lithosphere, come from oceanic setting basalts. In this work, we present direct geochronological and geochemical evidence for the incorporation of recycled crustal mat ...
... Most studies of compositional heterogeneities in the mantle, related to recycling of crustal sediments or delaminated subcontinental lithosphere, come from oceanic setting basalts. In this work, we present direct geochronological and geochemical evidence for the incorporation of recycled crustal mat ...
Faults and Faultings - National Taiwan University
... surface is less than the shear failure of intact rock, thus preexisting joint surfaces or faults may be reactivated before new faults initiate. 2. The orientation of a fault may change as the rock body undergoes progressive deformation. 3. Systematic changes in stress trajectories are likely to occu ...
... surface is less than the shear failure of intact rock, thus preexisting joint surfaces or faults may be reactivated before new faults initiate. 2. The orientation of a fault may change as the rock body undergoes progressive deformation. 3. Systematic changes in stress trajectories are likely to occu ...
Crustal Growth by Magmatic Accretion
... Magmatic accretion is potentially an important mechanism in the growth of the continental crust and the formation of granulites. In this study, the thermal evolution of a magmatic arc in response to magmatic accretion is modeled using numerical solutions of the one-dimensional heat conduction equati ...
... Magmatic accretion is potentially an important mechanism in the growth of the continental crust and the formation of granulites. In this study, the thermal evolution of a magmatic arc in response to magmatic accretion is modeled using numerical solutions of the one-dimensional heat conduction equati ...
iceland in relation to the mid-atlantic ridge
... southwest and north of Iceland does not indicate greater changes in spreading rate with latitude than expected on the basis of the assumed pole position for the movement of the North-American-European plates (57). ...
... southwest and north of Iceland does not indicate greater changes in spreading rate with latitude than expected on the basis of the assumed pole position for the movement of the North-American-European plates (57). ...
A-Level Handbook V4 - Earth Science Teachers` Association
... (f) Out of print resources: The following resources are out of print but could still be available second hand (try bookshops or the internet), from libraries or neighbouring schools. They are all still valuable to have on your shelves. Atherton, M. & Robinson, R. (1981-1982) Study the Earth. Vol. 1 ...
... (f) Out of print resources: The following resources are out of print but could still be available second hand (try bookshops or the internet), from libraries or neighbouring schools. They are all still valuable to have on your shelves. Atherton, M. & Robinson, R. (1981-1982) Study the Earth. Vol. 1 ...
Hafnium isotope evidence for slab melt contributions in the Central
... Urrutia-Fucugauchi, 1996; Centeno-García et al., 2008; OrtegaGutiérrez et al., 2008, 2012). Despite passage through the thick continental crust, mafic lavas with high Mg# (100 ∗ Mg / (Mg + Fe2 +)) and Ni contents are common in the CMVB, especially from cinder cones and fissure eruptions (Wallace and C ...
... Urrutia-Fucugauchi, 1996; Centeno-García et al., 2008; OrtegaGutiérrez et al., 2008, 2012). Despite passage through the thick continental crust, mafic lavas with high Mg# (100 ∗ Mg / (Mg + Fe2 +)) and Ni contents are common in the CMVB, especially from cinder cones and fissure eruptions (Wallace and C ...
Supracrustal faults of the St. Lawrence rift system, Québec
... postrift sediments, and therefore, their recognition frequently depends on seismic reflection profiles. In old rifted continental margins that have suffered orogenic crustal compression following formation, the characterization and recognition of rift structures are even more complicated. In this ca ...
... postrift sediments, and therefore, their recognition frequently depends on seismic reflection profiles. In old rifted continental margins that have suffered orogenic crustal compression following formation, the characterization and recognition of rift structures are even more complicated. In this ca ...
UNIT AS GL2a OR GL2b - Earth Science Teachers` Association
... (f) Out of print resources: The following resources are out of print but could still be available second hand (try bookshops or the internet), from libraries or neighbouring schools. They are all still valuable to have on your shelves. Atherton, M. & Robinson, R. (1981-1982) Study the Earth. Vol. 1 ...
... (f) Out of print resources: The following resources are out of print but could still be available second hand (try bookshops or the internet), from libraries or neighbouring schools. They are all still valuable to have on your shelves. Atherton, M. & Robinson, R. (1981-1982) Study the Earth. Vol. 1 ...
Earthscope
Earthscope is an earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure and evolution of the North American continent and to understand the processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The project has three components: USARRAY, the Plate Boundary Observatory, and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth.The project is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the data produced is publicly accessible in real-time. Organizations associated with the project include UNAVCO, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Stanford University, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Several international organizations also contribute to the initiative.