replace this sentence with the title of your abstract
... deep crustal composition (see below). This composition can be used to address key questions such as: (1) is the deep crust heterogeneous in different regions of the Moon, as is the case for the major surface compositional “terranes,” (2) is KREEP uniformly distributed in the lower crust, and (3) is ...
... deep crustal composition (see below). This composition can be used to address key questions such as: (1) is the deep crust heterogeneous in different regions of the Moon, as is the case for the major surface compositional “terranes,” (2) is KREEP uniformly distributed in the lower crust, and (3) is ...
PLATE TECTONICS: BIRTH OF A THEORY
... The theory of plate tectonics has revolutionized our understanding of Earth and how it works. Based on the concept that the outer layer of Earth is composed of separate plates, plate tectonics enables earth scientists to explain such diverse phenomena as earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, th ...
... The theory of plate tectonics has revolutionized our understanding of Earth and how it works. Based on the concept that the outer layer of Earth is composed of separate plates, plate tectonics enables earth scientists to explain such diverse phenomena as earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, th ...
A rare great earthquake on an oceanic fossil
... earthquake. In common with other strike-slip earthquakes studied in the same fashion, the mantle wave data indicates that there are two pure-double couple constrained solutions, along with a range of mechanisms between them, that fit the data almost equally well. Aftershocks relocated for this study ...
... earthquake. In common with other strike-slip earthquakes studied in the same fashion, the mantle wave data indicates that there are two pure-double couple constrained solutions, along with a range of mechanisms between them, that fit the data almost equally well. Aftershocks relocated for this study ...
Hunting for oceanic island Moho
... share similar features on the radial component (Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9): a train of sharp positive-amplitude pulses arriving within the first 4 s (at all stations) which we attribute to Ps conversions from crustal layers. These are followed by a complex crustal reverberation, mostly with neg ...
... share similar features on the radial component (Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9): a train of sharp positive-amplitude pulses arriving within the first 4 s (at all stations) which we attribute to Ps conversions from crustal layers. These are followed by a complex crustal reverberation, mostly with neg ...
LATERAL VELOCITY VARIATIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. II
... Both station delays and slowness distribution are quite similar to those computed earlier by Hearn (1984b). The major differences between the two sets of delays occur primarily in the Los Angeles and the Ventura basins. Differences of up to 0.4 sec exist. As tests of the tomographic method on the sa ...
... Both station delays and slowness distribution are quite similar to those computed earlier by Hearn (1984b). The major differences between the two sets of delays occur primarily in the Los Angeles and the Ventura basins. Differences of up to 0.4 sec exist. As tests of the tomographic method on the sa ...
Atmosphere-Ionosphere Response to the M9 Tohoku Earthquake
... To estimate variability of the GIM a map using the average of the previous 15 days, before March 11, was calculated and the difference DTEC between the two TEC maps was obtained by subtracting the current GIM from the 15-day average map. This value was selected at 0600 UT corresponding to 15.5 LT, ...
... To estimate variability of the GIM a map using the average of the previous 15 days, before March 11, was calculated and the difference DTEC between the two TEC maps was obtained by subtracting the current GIM from the 15-day average map. This value was selected at 0600 UT corresponding to 15.5 LT, ...
Strain accumulation across the Eastern California Shear Zone at
... Figure 2. Map of the GPS arraysacrossthe EasternCalifornia ShearZone (solid triangles)and aroundYucca Mountain (solid circles). The velocity relative to the fixed interior of North America for each monument is shown by an arrow. The 95% confidenceellipse is shownat the tip of the arrow. The location ...
... Figure 2. Map of the GPS arraysacrossthe EasternCalifornia ShearZone (solid triangles)and aroundYucca Mountain (solid circles). The velocity relative to the fixed interior of North America for each monument is shown by an arrow. The 95% confidenceellipse is shownat the tip of the arrow. The location ...
Isostasy and its Meaning
... thickness of layers in several regions from seismic data published b various seismologists. On the other hand, resu ts found from isostatic calculations (HEISKANBN 1948a, 1948b) indicate that the “thickness of the crust” for a region with the surface at sea level is in general about 30 km and at gre ...
... thickness of layers in several regions from seismic data published b various seismologists. On the other hand, resu ts found from isostatic calculations (HEISKANBN 1948a, 1948b) indicate that the “thickness of the crust” for a region with the surface at sea level is in general about 30 km and at gre ...
Computational Modeling of Convection in the Earth`s Mantle
... Ra = α ΔT gD 3/(η κ) , where D is a length scale of the domain and ΔT is the temperature difference between the surface and the coremantle boundary; the larger the Rayleigh number, the smaller the features of the flow field. This already gives rise to a formidable computa ...
... Ra = α ΔT gD 3/(η κ) , where D is a length scale of the domain and ΔT is the temperature difference between the surface and the coremantle boundary; the larger the Rayleigh number, the smaller the features of the flow field. This already gives rise to a formidable computa ...
Waves, Waves, Waves!
... Slowest of the seismic waves (travel at around 3 km/s) Produced by the interaction of P- and S-waves at the Earth’s surface Can be used to characterize the Earth’s interior and oil deposits ...
... Slowest of the seismic waves (travel at around 3 km/s) Produced by the interaction of P- and S-waves at the Earth’s surface Can be used to characterize the Earth’s interior and oil deposits ...
Metastable superplumes and mantle compressibility
... [13] From the dynamics, it seems likely that a range of lithologies might satisfy the increased density and bulk modulus we require. We show that the inferred physical properties of superplume material are plausible. For example, pyroxenite, commonly associated with subducted oceanic crust [Hauri, 1 ...
... [13] From the dynamics, it seems likely that a range of lithologies might satisfy the increased density and bulk modulus we require. We show that the inferred physical properties of superplume material are plausible. For example, pyroxenite, commonly associated with subducted oceanic crust [Hauri, 1 ...
the long-term strength of continental lithosphere
... to the strength. Since both Te and the BDT generally exceed the mean thickness of the oceanic crust (~7 km), the largest contribution to the strength of oceanic lithosphere must come from the mantle, not the crust. In the continents, the strength envelopes are more complex, and there may be more tha ...
... to the strength. Since both Te and the BDT generally exceed the mean thickness of the oceanic crust (~7 km), the largest contribution to the strength of oceanic lithosphere must come from the mantle, not the crust. In the continents, the strength envelopes are more complex, and there may be more tha ...
Tectonophysics_2009_Crustal and upper mantle velocity
... model layer with a mean velocity of 5.8–6.0 km/s, whose layer boundary ranges from 16 to 24 km in depth. The low-amplitude reflection P4 is from the bottom of the middle crust, and cannot always be observed. For instance, it is difficult to identify on the west branches of the Binchuan and Jincheng ...
... model layer with a mean velocity of 5.8–6.0 km/s, whose layer boundary ranges from 16 to 24 km in depth. The low-amplitude reflection P4 is from the bottom of the middle crust, and cannot always be observed. For instance, it is difficult to identify on the west branches of the Binchuan and Jincheng ...
How vocanoes form File
... Magma can also push up under the middle of a lithosphere plate, though this is much less common than magma production around plate boundaries. This interplate volcanic activity is caused by unusually hot mantle material forming in the lower mantle and pushing up into the upper mantle. The mantle mat ...
... Magma can also push up under the middle of a lithosphere plate, though this is much less common than magma production around plate boundaries. This interplate volcanic activity is caused by unusually hot mantle material forming in the lower mantle and pushing up into the upper mantle. The mantle mat ...
The long-term strength of continental lithosphere: “jelly sandwich” or
... to the strength. Since both Te and the BDT generally exceed the mean thickness of the oceanic crust (~7 km), the largest contribution to the strength of oceanic lithosphere must come from the mantle, not the crust. In the continents, the strength envelopes are more complex, and there may be more tha ...
... to the strength. Since both Te and the BDT generally exceed the mean thickness of the oceanic crust (~7 km), the largest contribution to the strength of oceanic lithosphere must come from the mantle, not the crust. In the continents, the strength envelopes are more complex, and there may be more tha ...
Earthquake Depth-Energy Release: Thermomechanical Implications
... wavelengths associated with standard convection to λ½ > 2500 km (l < 8). This limit is far larger than the ...
... wavelengths associated with standard convection to λ½ > 2500 km (l < 8). This limit is far larger than the ...
The break-up of continents and the formation of new ocean basins
... The study of rifted margins is becoming of more than academic importance as they become frontier exploration provinces for the oil and gas industry and as nations stake their claims to marine territory with legal arguments based partly on geological criteria. Hydrocarbons are formed by burial and he ...
... The study of rifted margins is becoming of more than academic importance as they become frontier exploration provinces for the oil and gas industry and as nations stake their claims to marine territory with legal arguments based partly on geological criteria. Hydrocarbons are formed by burial and he ...
Seismic Intensity Estimation of Tall Buildings in Earthquake Early
... large. While it is possible to predict anticipated shaking in a building using a simple ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) that predicts response spectral amplitude from knowledge of earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, such a prediction may be expected to have very large errors. That ...
... large. While it is possible to predict anticipated shaking in a building using a simple ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) that predicts response spectral amplitude from knowledge of earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance, such a prediction may be expected to have very large errors. That ...
Lithospheric structure of Tasmania from a novel form of teleseismic
... nonlinear tomographic procedure based on a subspace inversion scheme and the fast marching method, a grid-based eikonal solver, is used to map the residual patterns as P wave velocity anomalies. The new scheme proves to be both fast and robust, making it well suited to large data sets and the recons ...
... nonlinear tomographic procedure based on a subspace inversion scheme and the fast marching method, a grid-based eikonal solver, is used to map the residual patterns as P wave velocity anomalies. The new scheme proves to be both fast and robust, making it well suited to large data sets and the recons ...
The influence of crenulation cleavage development on the bulk
... rocks. Phyllosilicates are elastically highly anisotropic and are therefore thought to be important contributors to seismic anisotropy in the continental crust. Crenulation cleavage is one of the most common microstructural fabrics found in multiply-deformed, phyllosilicate-rich, crustal rocks. We c ...
... rocks. Phyllosilicates are elastically highly anisotropic and are therefore thought to be important contributors to seismic anisotropy in the continental crust. Crenulation cleavage is one of the most common microstructural fabrics found in multiply-deformed, phyllosilicate-rich, crustal rocks. We c ...
Comparison of Seismic Reflection and Ground
... spaced points (5 cm) along a line of 48 geophone receivers. These data were stacked in a common mid-point gather, band-pass filtered, and processed with frequency–wavenumber migration. The seismic image produced by the hammer source was dominated by bodywaves at 120 Hz, whereas the vibrator source i ...
... spaced points (5 cm) along a line of 48 geophone receivers. These data were stacked in a common mid-point gather, band-pass filtered, and processed with frequency–wavenumber migration. The seismic image produced by the hammer source was dominated by bodywaves at 120 Hz, whereas the vibrator source i ...
An integrated geophysical analysis of crustal structure in the Wichita
... detail until my study due to the absence of necessary software. I was able to produce a new set of seismic record sections and enhance these data with a variety of filters in order to provide improved phase identifications. This approach produced considerably more identifiable phases and picks for m ...
... detail until my study due to the absence of necessary software. I was able to produce a new set of seismic record sections and enhance these data with a variety of filters in order to provide improved phase identifications. This approach produced considerably more identifiable phases and picks for m ...
The Hawaiian SWELL Pilot Experiment
... a corridor between Fiji/Tonga and Hawaii. Surface wave studies along the Hawaiian Islands have found no evidence for lithospheric thinning (Woods et al., 1991; Woods and Okal, 1996; Priestley and Tilmann, 1999) though shear velocities in the lithosphere appear to be at least 2.5% lower between Oahu ...
... a corridor between Fiji/Tonga and Hawaii. Surface wave studies along the Hawaiian Islands have found no evidence for lithospheric thinning (Woods et al., 1991; Woods and Okal, 1996; Priestley and Tilmann, 1999) though shear velocities in the lithosphere appear to be at least 2.5% lower between Oahu ...
Earthscope
Earthscope is an earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure and evolution of the North American continent and to understand the processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The project has three components: USARRAY, the Plate Boundary Observatory, and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth.The project is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the data produced is publicly accessible in real-time. Organizations associated with the project include UNAVCO, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Stanford University, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Several international organizations also contribute to the initiative.