Driving Forces of Plate Motion `Ridge Push` and `Slab Pull` are
... zones (Izu Bonin, central Japan, Mariana and Kuril. Pick one of these and calculate the mantle resistance force. 2. In recent models, slab break off occurs when tensile stress in the slab exceeds 250 MPa for more than 4 MY (simplified from van Hunen and Allen, 2011). The tensile stress can be approx ...
... zones (Izu Bonin, central Japan, Mariana and Kuril. Pick one of these and calculate the mantle resistance force. 2. In recent models, slab break off occurs when tensile stress in the slab exceeds 250 MPa for more than 4 MY (simplified from van Hunen and Allen, 2011). The tensile stress can be approx ...
Plate Tectonics in a Nutshell Name
... fragmented into a dozen or more large and small solid slabs, called lithospheric plates or tectonic plates, that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile mantle material (called the asthenosphere). The average rates of motion of these restless plates—in the past as we ...
... fragmented into a dozen or more large and small solid slabs, called lithospheric plates or tectonic plates, that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile mantle material (called the asthenosphere). The average rates of motion of these restless plates—in the past as we ...
Geology and the Earth (Con`t.)
... 4. Testing. Testing, testing, and more testing. 5. Modification. Hypotheses are modified to include the results of testing (see #4). 6. Theory! The hypothesis now withstands rigor of all the testing (see #4) and consistently explains accumulating data to become a THEORY. A theory is a generally acc ...
... 4. Testing. Testing, testing, and more testing. 5. Modification. Hypotheses are modified to include the results of testing (see #4). 6. Theory! The hypothesis now withstands rigor of all the testing (see #4) and consistently explains accumulating data to become a THEORY. A theory is a generally acc ...
Chapter 4. The Outer Shells of Earth
... When a plate starts to sink it is called a slab. In fluid dynamics , both cold sinking features and hot rising features are called plumes. Slabs are cold when they enter the mantle but they immediately start to warm up toward ambient temperature; they get warmed up from both sides. The cold portions ...
... When a plate starts to sink it is called a slab. In fluid dynamics , both cold sinking features and hot rising features are called plumes. Slabs are cold when they enter the mantle but they immediately start to warm up toward ambient temperature; they get warmed up from both sides. The cold portions ...
Inferring Plate Boundary Deformation Mechanisms from Lithospheric
... margin. Global tomography combined with local tomography near Taiwan images the torn subducted edge of the Eurasian slab to be roughly 250 km NW from the continent’s edge, underneath the Eurasian continental shelf. In addition, this tear does not propagate into the overlying crust, implying that the ...
... margin. Global tomography combined with local tomography near Taiwan images the torn subducted edge of the Eurasian slab to be roughly 250 km NW from the continent’s edge, underneath the Eurasian continental shelf. In addition, this tear does not propagate into the overlying crust, implying that the ...
Unit 5 – Planet Earth
... Describe how scientists are able to reconstruct plants and animals from millions of years ago and show the environmental interactions that were going on at that time, just from fragments of evidence. ...
... Describe how scientists are able to reconstruct plants and animals from millions of years ago and show the environmental interactions that were going on at that time, just from fragments of evidence. ...
Section 19.2 and 19.3 – Seismometer, Seismograms, and Scales
... seismic stations located at different distances from an earthquake’s epicenter. • P-waves and S-waves recorded on seismograms from more distant facilities are farther apart than waves recorded on seismograms at stations closer to the epicenter. ...
... seismic stations located at different distances from an earthquake’s epicenter. • P-waves and S-waves recorded on seismograms from more distant facilities are farther apart than waves recorded on seismograms at stations closer to the epicenter. ...
Document
... seismic waves change from 0 – 670 km depth. 3. Give a reason for the change in speed in the first 670 km depth. 4. How does the velocity of seismic waves in the lower mantle compare to that of the upper mantle? (Where do they travel faster?) 5. Give a reason for the change is velocity between the up ...
... seismic waves change from 0 – 670 km depth. 3. Give a reason for the change in speed in the first 670 km depth. 4. How does the velocity of seismic waves in the lower mantle compare to that of the upper mantle? (Where do they travel faster?) 5. Give a reason for the change is velocity between the up ...
Document
... about 20 distinct “plates” (~ 100 km thick), or lithosphere which move relative to each other • This motion is what causes earthquakes and makes mountain ranges ...
... about 20 distinct “plates” (~ 100 km thick), or lithosphere which move relative to each other • This motion is what causes earthquakes and makes mountain ranges ...
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305
... c. form only in the Pacific Ocean basin d. are submarine canyons found near Australia e. none of these 49. Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? a. rift zones b. mountainous topography c. greater heat flow than occurs in other parts of the ocean d. volcanic structures e. all of ...
... c. form only in the Pacific Ocean basin d. are submarine canyons found near Australia e. none of these 49. Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? a. rift zones b. mountainous topography c. greater heat flow than occurs in other parts of the ocean d. volcanic structures e. all of ...
Diverging Plates: The Underlying Story
... however. Note that the convection is occurring just below the base of the melt window, so that no additional igneous activity will result. Additionally, cold structures resulting from convection are still present in the model and are clearly interacting with the ridge axis flow. However, it can be s ...
... however. Note that the convection is occurring just below the base of the melt window, so that no additional igneous activity will result. Additionally, cold structures resulting from convection are still present in the model and are clearly interacting with the ridge axis flow. However, it can be s ...
Mass balance related to UHP metamorphism in subduction zones
... MORB (0.27 wt% H2O, compare to 0.2-0.4 wt% from geochemistry) and plume basalts (1.1% H2O, compare to 0.6-1.0 wt% from geochemistry) Whether surface+crust CO2 is in secular equilibrium in the phanerozoic is yet unconstrained, in any case, CO2 in the atmosphere, hydrosphere (and soils) is globally in ...
... MORB (0.27 wt% H2O, compare to 0.2-0.4 wt% from geochemistry) and plume basalts (1.1% H2O, compare to 0.6-1.0 wt% from geochemistry) Whether surface+crust CO2 is in secular equilibrium in the phanerozoic is yet unconstrained, in any case, CO2 in the atmosphere, hydrosphere (and soils) is globally in ...
Plate Tectonics ppt
... perpendicular to movement of the continents--examples: Himalayan, Rocky Mountain and Andes Mountain chains • same fossils (in rocks),same rocks , mountain ranges, and glacial features located on different continents in areas representing prejoined positions prior to continental drift ...
... perpendicular to movement of the continents--examples: Himalayan, Rocky Mountain and Andes Mountain chains • same fossils (in rocks),same rocks , mountain ranges, and glacial features located on different continents in areas representing prejoined positions prior to continental drift ...
GE 11a Homework 4: Isostacy and the Geographic
... F is a unitless factor describing the extent to which elevation decreases due to erosion are compensated by elevation increases due to isostacy ρ0 and ρ1 are defined as for the equation describing isostacy, above. Erosion can be ignored for problems 1-4: (1) Assuming that rigid crust (both continent ...
... F is a unitless factor describing the extent to which elevation decreases due to erosion are compensated by elevation increases due to isostacy ρ0 and ρ1 are defined as for the equation describing isostacy, above. Erosion can be ignored for problems 1-4: (1) Assuming that rigid crust (both continent ...
Are lithospheres forever?
... from >50 kimberlites along this trend shows that within-craton domains with distinctive mantle stratigraphy coincide with crustal terranes mapped at the surface (Griffin et al., 1998a), implying that individual terranes carried their own lithospheric root at the time of continental accretion. In the ...
... from >50 kimberlites along this trend shows that within-craton domains with distinctive mantle stratigraphy coincide with crustal terranes mapped at the surface (Griffin et al., 1998a), implying that individual terranes carried their own lithospheric root at the time of continental accretion. In the ...
PNAS-2014-Anderson-1..
... detail, they also violate the first and second laws of thermodynamics because they require noncooling boundaries and external sources of energy, material, and information (e.g., Maxwell demons); that is, the model planets are not closed, isolated, selforganizing systems living off of their own resou ...
... detail, they also violate the first and second laws of thermodynamics because they require noncooling boundaries and external sources of energy, material, and information (e.g., Maxwell demons); that is, the model planets are not closed, isolated, selforganizing systems living off of their own resou ...
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a mechanism proposed in 1971 to explain volcanic regions of the earth that were not thought to be explicable by the then-new theory of plate tectonics. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, for example, Hawaii. Others represent unusually large-volume volcanism, whether on plate boundaries, e.g. Iceland, or basalt floods such as the Deccan or Siberian traps.A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. The currently active volcanic centers are known as ""hot spots"". In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, was thought to provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the ""Plate model"". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.