INTRODUCTION
... B. the formation of a tsunami, or underwater seismic wave C. the formation of a hot spot D. the sinking of one plate under another 2. A region known as the Ring of Fire follows the border of the Pacific Ocean basin. Why do so many earthquakes and volcanoes occur in this region? A. Tidal action aroun ...
... B. the formation of a tsunami, or underwater seismic wave C. the formation of a hot spot D. the sinking of one plate under another 2. A region known as the Ring of Fire follows the border of the Pacific Ocean basin. Why do so many earthquakes and volcanoes occur in this region? A. Tidal action aroun ...
HuBLE-UK: Hudson Bay Lithospheric Experiment
... Hudson Bay. Our 10 remote and community based stations complement the broader “POLARIS” network of stations currently operating in the region. Our data will enable us to test hypotheses of root formation and the persistence of intra-cratonic basins via a range of broadband seismological analyses suc ...
... Hudson Bay. Our 10 remote and community based stations complement the broader “POLARIS” network of stations currently operating in the region. Our data will enable us to test hypotheses of root formation and the persistence of intra-cratonic basins via a range of broadband seismological analyses suc ...
Recent Rapid Uplift of Today`s Mountains
... by Cliff Ollier and Colin Pain entitled, The Origin of Mountains.1 The authors are geomorphologists who focus on field data relating to the processes such as faulting, uplift, volcanism, and erosion that sculpt mountains. In their book they repeatedly relate how geological features they and other f ...
... by Cliff Ollier and Colin Pain entitled, The Origin of Mountains.1 The authors are geomorphologists who focus on field data relating to the processes such as faulting, uplift, volcanism, and erosion that sculpt mountains. In their book they repeatedly relate how geological features they and other f ...
Chapter 17
... – Continents started as “Pangea” 200 million years ago – Slowly moving apart to present positions ...
... – Continents started as “Pangea” 200 million years ago – Slowly moving apart to present positions ...
C 2 = C 1 + h
... Some important points brought out by the first lectures: Pro- and retrograde metamorphic reactions play important roles for the dynamics in orogenic belts in that they give • Changes in petrophysical properties (density structure and hence evolution of topography) • Reaction enhanced deformation (i ...
... Some important points brought out by the first lectures: Pro- and retrograde metamorphic reactions play important roles for the dynamics in orogenic belts in that they give • Changes in petrophysical properties (density structure and hence evolution of topography) • Reaction enhanced deformation (i ...
Regional phases in continental and oceanic environments
... the Sn field. The S waves in the oceanic crust are linked to reverberations of P waves in the ocean. These P multiples build a strong wave train following Sn that extends nearly to group velocities of 3.5 km sx1 (Fig. 6). This sequence of multiples in the coda of Sn attenuates with distance from the ...
... the Sn field. The S waves in the oceanic crust are linked to reverberations of P waves in the ocean. These P multiples build a strong wave train following Sn that extends nearly to group velocities of 3.5 km sx1 (Fig. 6). This sequence of multiples in the coda of Sn attenuates with distance from the ...
In the beginning….
... bottom of the mantle). “Hit and run” collisions might erode the crust, leaving behind depleted (non‐chondritic) mantle (O’Neill and Palme, 2008). The bulk composition of a planet can evolve as enriched crust and depleted mantle are stripped from the planet in various proportions during giant imp ...
... bottom of the mantle). “Hit and run” collisions might erode the crust, leaving behind depleted (non‐chondritic) mantle (O’Neill and Palme, 2008). The bulk composition of a planet can evolve as enriched crust and depleted mantle are stripped from the planet in various proportions during giant imp ...
the long-term strength of continental lithosphere
... to show that a model in which a weak lower crust is sandwiched between a strong brittle-elastic upper crust and an elastic-ductile mantle accounts for the wide range of Te values observed due to the wide variation in composition, geothermal gradient, and crustal thickness possible in continental lit ...
... to show that a model in which a weak lower crust is sandwiched between a strong brittle-elastic upper crust and an elastic-ductile mantle accounts for the wide range of Te values observed due to the wide variation in composition, geothermal gradient, and crustal thickness possible in continental lit ...
The long-term strength of continental lithosphere: “jelly sandwich” or
... to show that a model in which a weak lower crust is sandwiched between a strong brittle-elastic upper crust and an elastic-ductile mantle accounts for the wide range of Te values observed due to the wide variation in composition, geothermal gradient, and crustal thickness possible in continental lit ...
... to show that a model in which a weak lower crust is sandwiched between a strong brittle-elastic upper crust and an elastic-ductile mantle accounts for the wide range of Te values observed due to the wide variation in composition, geothermal gradient, and crustal thickness possible in continental lit ...
Seafloor spreading model
... gap, hardens, and forms new crust. As the plates continue to separate, these newly formed pieces of oceanic crust separate and make room, gradually moving outward away from the midocean ridges at the rate of a few centimeters per year. After several million years of this slow journey away from the m ...
... gap, hardens, and forms new crust. As the plates continue to separate, these newly formed pieces of oceanic crust separate and make room, gradually moving outward away from the midocean ridges at the rate of a few centimeters per year. After several million years of this slow journey away from the m ...
What is the Lithosphere
... There is little or no direct evidence from flexural studies or earthquake depths for the "jelly sandwich model" of the lithosphere. Flexural studies lack the resolution to distinguish this detail partly because there are trade-offs between deviations from an ideal elastic profile caused by vertical ...
... There is little or no direct evidence from flexural studies or earthquake depths for the "jelly sandwich model" of the lithosphere. Flexural studies lack the resolution to distinguish this detail partly because there are trade-offs between deviations from an ideal elastic profile caused by vertical ...
Lecture 18
... Trough. On the other hand, the deeper reservoir seems to be sam- lower mantle is primitive and pled exclusively, or nearly so, where there is independent evi- has bulk Earth characteristics, dence for major mantle upwelling in the form of mantle plumes. e.g., eNd = 0. The geophysical evidence for th ...
... Trough. On the other hand, the deeper reservoir seems to be sam- lower mantle is primitive and pled exclusively, or nearly so, where there is independent evi- has bulk Earth characteristics, dence for major mantle upwelling in the form of mantle plumes. e.g., eNd = 0. The geophysical evidence for th ...
inner core
... It is more dense than continental crust and therefore when the two types of crust meet, oceanic crust will sink underneath continental crust. The rocks of the oceanic crust are very young compared with most of the rocks of the continental crust. They are not older than ...
... It is more dense than continental crust and therefore when the two types of crust meet, oceanic crust will sink underneath continental crust. The rocks of the oceanic crust are very young compared with most of the rocks of the continental crust. They are not older than ...
A unique lower mantle source for Southern Italy volcanics
... Geophys. Res. 107, 2367–2386], whereas an alternative view holds that the mantle end-member is unique and homogeneous, and similar to the FOZO- or C-type end-member identified in oceanic basalts [Bell, K., Castorina, F., Lavecchia, G., Rosatelli, G., Stoppa, F., 2004. Is there a mantle plume below I ...
... Geophys. Res. 107, 2367–2386], whereas an alternative view holds that the mantle end-member is unique and homogeneous, and similar to the FOZO- or C-type end-member identified in oceanic basalts [Bell, K., Castorina, F., Lavecchia, G., Rosatelli, G., Stoppa, F., 2004. Is there a mantle plume below I ...
Di}erential rotation of lithosphere and mantle and the driving forces
... 0[9 MPa for the scenario depicted in Fig[ 1[ More detailed models for individual plates are presented in Table 0 for forces acting on the Africa\ Nazca and Paci_c plates\ as these demonstrate the three potential con_gurations of dragÐboundary force interaction[ In our model\ the astheno! sphere unde ...
... 0[9 MPa for the scenario depicted in Fig[ 1[ More detailed models for individual plates are presented in Table 0 for forces acting on the Africa\ Nazca and Paci_c plates\ as these demonstrate the three potential con_gurations of dragÐboundary force interaction[ In our model\ the astheno! sphere unde ...
Laboratory Studies of Mantle Convection with continents and other
... is to attract them to subduction zones, especially on average over long geological times. Once the continent material arrives at a subduction zone, the continental crust is thickened from the strong local convergence by mountain building. If the continental material is not swept into the mantle, thi ...
... is to attract them to subduction zones, especially on average over long geological times. Once the continent material arrives at a subduction zone, the continental crust is thickened from the strong local convergence by mountain building. If the continental material is not swept into the mantle, thi ...
pdf format
... At the Moho, there is a change from silica-rich rocks in the crust to mafic rocks in the mantle. A common rock type in the mantle is _________________. There are other layer boundaries inside the mantle. At a depth of between 100 and 350 km, seismic velocities suddenly decrease. This portion of the ...
... At the Moho, there is a change from silica-rich rocks in the crust to mafic rocks in the mantle. A common rock type in the mantle is _________________. There are other layer boundaries inside the mantle. At a depth of between 100 and 350 km, seismic velocities suddenly decrease. This portion of the ...
Word format
... This boundary is called the Mohorovicic discontinuity, or more commonly the ___________________. Its depth is actually variable, ranging from 20-90 km below the continents with an average of ___________. Beneath the sea floor, it is 5-10 km deep because oceanic crust is much thinner than ...
... This boundary is called the Mohorovicic discontinuity, or more commonly the ___________________. Its depth is actually variable, ranging from 20-90 km below the continents with an average of ___________. Beneath the sea floor, it is 5-10 km deep because oceanic crust is much thinner than ...
"postorogenie" magmatism
... deformation. The apparent association with uplift indicates a simultaneous isostatic response. Changing or halting the external tectonic driving forces is one way of terminating deformation; however, this provides no explanation for the thermal pulse. Another means of halting convergent deformation ...
... deformation. The apparent association with uplift indicates a simultaneous isostatic response. Changing or halting the external tectonic driving forces is one way of terminating deformation; however, this provides no explanation for the thermal pulse. Another means of halting convergent deformation ...
plate tectonics - Math/Science Nucleus
... boundary. Have the students imagine that they are “Mother or Father Earth,” who are feeling the pain of the moving Earth. As they move the sand or clay, have them try to capture the slowness of movements in the real Earth. We use clay and sand to represent the many types of rocks that make up the pl ...
... boundary. Have the students imagine that they are “Mother or Father Earth,” who are feeling the pain of the moving Earth. As they move the sand or clay, have them try to capture the slowness of movements in the real Earth. We use clay and sand to represent the many types of rocks that make up the pl ...
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a mechanism proposed in 1971 to explain volcanic regions of the earth that were not thought to be explicable by the then-new theory of plate tectonics. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, for example, Hawaii. Others represent unusually large-volume volcanism, whether on plate boundaries, e.g. Iceland, or basalt floods such as the Deccan or Siberian traps.A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. The currently active volcanic centers are known as ""hot spots"". In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, was thought to provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the ""Plate model"". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.