Web page 1
... However, as the uncertainties are additive as each plate motion is calculated ( across spreading centers ), alternative frames of reference have been sought. An absolute frame of reference is one which is constant through time relative to the Earth, the most famous of which are hot spots ( Hawaii, I ...
... However, as the uncertainties are additive as each plate motion is calculated ( across spreading centers ), alternative frames of reference have been sought. An absolute frame of reference is one which is constant through time relative to the Earth, the most famous of which are hot spots ( Hawaii, I ...
Investigating tectonic-erosion interactions
... Central Iran provides an ideal test site to study the morphotectonic response to initiation and propagation of intraplate faulting. A multidisciplinary approach that integrates structural and stratigraphic field investigations with geochronological (OSL) and thermochronological (U-Th)/He apatite, AH ...
... Central Iran provides an ideal test site to study the morphotectonic response to initiation and propagation of intraplate faulting. A multidisciplinary approach that integrates structural and stratigraphic field investigations with geochronological (OSL) and thermochronological (U-Th)/He apatite, AH ...
A cool model for the Iceland hot spot
... Greenland is the strongest evidence available for elevated temperature associated with the North Atlantic volcanic province (Larsen and Pedersen, 2000). However, this may be due to initial breakup drawing magma from much greater depths than later processes. In any case, these observations suggest th ...
... Greenland is the strongest evidence available for elevated temperature associated with the North Atlantic volcanic province (Larsen and Pedersen, 2000). However, this may be due to initial breakup drawing magma from much greater depths than later processes. In any case, these observations suggest th ...
Annual Report 2014
... positioned above the PGZs at the times of their formation can be successfully defined for the entire Phanerozoic. Our reconstructions (see front page picture) comply with known geological and tectonic constraints (opening and closure of oceans, mountain building, and more), and the model requires th ...
... positioned above the PGZs at the times of their formation can be successfully defined for the entire Phanerozoic. Our reconstructions (see front page picture) comply with known geological and tectonic constraints (opening and closure of oceans, mountain building, and more), and the model requires th ...
Banda Arc Experiment—Transitions in the Banda Arc
... both in terms of frequency content and maximum amplitudes. These results do not appear to be a result of site/local geology effects, but suggest that we may be able to image a change in subducted lithospheric structure or composition along strike. Additional preliminary results on local and teleseis ...
... both in terms of frequency content and maximum amplitudes. These results do not appear to be a result of site/local geology effects, but suggest that we may be able to image a change in subducted lithospheric structure or composition along strike. Additional preliminary results on local and teleseis ...
Imaging the Deep Seismic Structure Beneath a Mid
... Zone of upwelling and melt production may be ~100 km across. Horizontal migration of melt to the observed spreading axis. Melt concentration can be as low as a few tenths of a percent because experiments indicate porous flow may be very efficient at extracting melt. ...
... Zone of upwelling and melt production may be ~100 km across. Horizontal migration of melt to the observed spreading axis. Melt concentration can be as low as a few tenths of a percent because experiments indicate porous flow may be very efficient at extracting melt. ...
Dehydration of serpentinized slab mantle: Seismic evidence from southwest Japan
... mantle have also been detected. This indicates that the PHS mantle beneath these areas is also hydrated, which may have resulted from subduction of the serpentine stable in the Izu-Bonin back-arc area. Aqueous fluids released from the serpentinized mantle beneath Kii Peninsula may have initiated par ...
... mantle have also been detected. This indicates that the PHS mantle beneath these areas is also hydrated, which may have resulted from subduction of the serpentine stable in the Izu-Bonin back-arc area. Aqueous fluids released from the serpentinized mantle beneath Kii Peninsula may have initiated par ...
thermal structure of the crust and upper mantle of romania
... in the crust are not at the same time isothermal surfaces. The temperature at the base of the crust takes values of 250-400’C. The calculations show a value of 15 mW rn-’ or less for the mantle contribution to the measured heat-flow. The contribution of the radioactive decay is of 15-24 mW mp2. The ...
... in the crust are not at the same time isothermal surfaces. The temperature at the base of the crust takes values of 250-400’C. The calculations show a value of 15 mW rn-’ or less for the mantle contribution to the measured heat-flow. The contribution of the radioactive decay is of 15-24 mW mp2. The ...
Biotic vs. abiotic Earth_ A model for mantle hydration
... et al., 1995), that seismic events may trigger the interconnection of these fluid reservoirs, facilitating a partial escape of water. Water also may migrate laterally within the lower section (e.g. Shipley and Moore, 1986), or may be stored in hydrous minerals formed during low-temperature metamorphi ...
... et al., 1995), that seismic events may trigger the interconnection of these fluid reservoirs, facilitating a partial escape of water. Water also may migrate laterally within the lower section (e.g. Shipley and Moore, 1986), or may be stored in hydrous minerals formed during low-temperature metamorphi ...
as PDF
... Ritter et al., (2001). These and other studies in areas of Cenozoic volcanism in Europe found low velocity anomalies beneath the volcanic fields; however they look rather as large continuous features than sharp plume-shaped channels. It can be due to limited resolution enabled by ray-based tomograph ...
... Ritter et al., (2001). These and other studies in areas of Cenozoic volcanism in Europe found low velocity anomalies beneath the volcanic fields; however they look rather as large continuous features than sharp plume-shaped channels. It can be due to limited resolution enabled by ray-based tomograph ...
Depleted lithosphere, cold, trapped asthenosphere, and frozen melt
... and serpentine chlorite dunite (ol94at g2chl4), respectively. Increasing the temperature 100°C would not change these compositions, and most of these reactions are relatively pressure insensitive. Thermodynamic calculations from the spreadsheet associated with Hacker ...
... and serpentine chlorite dunite (ol94at g2chl4), respectively. Increasing the temperature 100°C would not change these compositions, and most of these reactions are relatively pressure insensitive. Thermodynamic calculations from the spreadsheet associated with Hacker ...
Slab pull, mantle convection, and Pangaean assembly and dispersal
... Two global-scale mantle convection cells presently exist on Earth, centred on upwelling zones in the South Pacific Ocean and northeast Africa: one cell (Panthalassan) contains only oceanic plates, the other (Pangaean) contains all the continental plates. They have remained fixed relative to one anot ...
... Two global-scale mantle convection cells presently exist on Earth, centred on upwelling zones in the South Pacific Ocean and northeast Africa: one cell (Panthalassan) contains only oceanic plates, the other (Pangaean) contains all the continental plates. They have remained fixed relative to one anot ...
When and why the continental crust is subducted: Examples of
... The Indian subcontinent has been colliding against Asia along the Himalayas. Hindu Kush and Burma in this collision zone have intermediate-depth seismicities beneath them, with most of the continental crust subducted into a few hundred km depth. The subduction, not collision, in these regions is an ...
... The Indian subcontinent has been colliding against Asia along the Himalayas. Hindu Kush and Burma in this collision zone have intermediate-depth seismicities beneath them, with most of the continental crust subducted into a few hundred km depth. The subduction, not collision, in these regions is an ...
UNIT 11 Igneous Activity (Chapter 4) Study Guide
... and igneous activity than I will with this presentation. Also, this book interchanges the two terms silicic and felsic. The term felsic is derived from feldspar and silica ( quartz).] Earth’s Hot Interior - The original Earth became very hot during its formation. This heat was generated by: 1. Impac ...
... and igneous activity than I will with this presentation. Also, this book interchanges the two terms silicic and felsic. The term felsic is derived from feldspar and silica ( quartz).] Earth’s Hot Interior - The original Earth became very hot during its formation. This heat was generated by: 1. Impac ...
LitMod3D: An interactive 3-D software to model the
... geophysical-petrological modeling of the lithosphere and sublithospheric upper mantle. In contrast to other available modeling software, LitMod3D is built within an internally consistent thermodynamicgeophysical framework, where all relevant properties are functions of temperature, pressure, and com ...
... geophysical-petrological modeling of the lithosphere and sublithospheric upper mantle. In contrast to other available modeling software, LitMod3D is built within an internally consistent thermodynamicgeophysical framework, where all relevant properties are functions of temperature, pressure, and com ...
OBJECTIVES: Students will gain an understanding of how
... Scientists refer to the Mid-Atlantic submarine mountainous region as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Theory of Seafloor Spreading states that seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new ocean crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ...
... Scientists refer to the Mid-Atlantic submarine mountainous region as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Theory of Seafloor Spreading states that seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new ocean crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ...
HS Plate Tectonics
... mantle form as material near the core heats up. As the core heats the bottom layer of mantle material, particles move more rapidly, decreasing its density and causing it to rise. The rising material begins the convection current. When the warm material reaches the surface, it spreads horizontally. T ...
... mantle form as material near the core heats up. As the core heats the bottom layer of mantle material, particles move more rapidly, decreasing its density and causing it to rise. The rising material begins the convection current. When the warm material reaches the surface, it spreads horizontally. T ...
What evidence supports plate tectonics?
... What evidence supports continental drift? • Locations of coal deposits and past glacial activity provide climatic evidence for continental drift. • Coal deposits found in cooler climates suggest that these continents were once closer to the equator. • The past movement of glaciers across South Ameri ...
... What evidence supports continental drift? • Locations of coal deposits and past glacial activity provide climatic evidence for continental drift. • Coal deposits found in cooler climates suggest that these continents were once closer to the equator. • The past movement of glaciers across South Ameri ...
Accelerated Non-linear Destruction of the Earth`s Crust
... Greater Caucasus. Two-way travel time (s) of seismic waves is shown along the vertical axis. One second approximately corresponds to 1.6 km of depth. Rapid change from shallow water sediments to deep water ones, which happened about 33 million years ago, occurs at layer II. ...
... Greater Caucasus. Two-way travel time (s) of seismic waves is shown along the vertical axis. One second approximately corresponds to 1.6 km of depth. Rapid change from shallow water sediments to deep water ones, which happened about 33 million years ago, occurs at layer II. ...
Earth`s Dynamic Syst..
... the seafloor is about 3.7km below sea level. From a regional perspective, the geologic differences between continents are mostly in size and shape, and in the proportions of shields, stable platforms and folded mountain belts. The shield is the extensive flat region of a continent, in which complexl ...
... the seafloor is about 3.7km below sea level. From a regional perspective, the geologic differences between continents are mostly in size and shape, and in the proportions of shields, stable platforms and folded mountain belts. The shield is the extensive flat region of a continent, in which complexl ...
View/Open - Earth
... with typical MORB signature, with no contamination by continental lithosphere, but with slight differences in mantle source composition and/or temperature between Thetis and Nereus. Eruption rate, spreading rate, magnetic intensity, crustal thickness and degree of mantle melting were highest at both ...
... with typical MORB signature, with no contamination by continental lithosphere, but with slight differences in mantle source composition and/or temperature between Thetis and Nereus. Eruption rate, spreading rate, magnetic intensity, crustal thickness and degree of mantle melting were highest at both ...
pdf-file - Art Periods
... The area to the north (37°–39°S) was recently studied by Bohm (2004) and Haberland et al. (2009) using local earthquake tomography. They found a correlation of the location of the longitudinally oriented Central Valley with high-velocity anomaly in the lower crust and upper mantle. The Coastal Cordi ...
... The area to the north (37°–39°S) was recently studied by Bohm (2004) and Haberland et al. (2009) using local earthquake tomography. They found a correlation of the location of the longitudinally oriented Central Valley with high-velocity anomaly in the lower crust and upper mantle. The Coastal Cordi ...
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a mechanism proposed in 1971 to explain volcanic regions of the earth that were not thought to be explicable by the then-new theory of plate tectonics. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, for example, Hawaii. Others represent unusually large-volume volcanism, whether on plate boundaries, e.g. Iceland, or basalt floods such as the Deccan or Siberian traps.A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. The currently active volcanic centers are known as ""hot spots"". In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, was thought to provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the ""Plate model"". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.