America`s Explosive Park
... They are something like cauldrons, after which they were named, and tend to be the largest volcanoes on the planet — hence the less formal name they are sometimes given: supervolcanoes. Like other calderas worldwide, the Yellowstone caldera landscape was created by the "roof collapse" on a subterran ...
... They are something like cauldrons, after which they were named, and tend to be the largest volcanoes on the planet — hence the less formal name they are sometimes given: supervolcanoes. Like other calderas worldwide, the Yellowstone caldera landscape was created by the "roof collapse" on a subterran ...
101 Questions and Answers Concerning
... 1. How do your efforts to model and understand the tectonics of the Flood square with the historic orthodox Christian view of the authority and sufficiency of Scripture? Response: I am earnestly persuaded from Scripture that not only is Christian apologetics a legitimate enterprise but it is also an ...
... 1. How do your efforts to model and understand the tectonics of the Flood square with the historic orthodox Christian view of the authority and sufficiency of Scripture? Response: I am earnestly persuaded from Scripture that not only is Christian apologetics a legitimate enterprise but it is also an ...
Discovery of a magma chamber and faults beneath a Mid
... We also observe several subhorizontal features below layer 2A, which could be caused by frozen melt sills or ridge-parallel faults, such as the graben bounding faults. The presence of an AMC has been reported along the Reykjanes ridge using seismic reflection and refraction data8. Although the Reykj ...
... We also observe several subhorizontal features below layer 2A, which could be caused by frozen melt sills or ridge-parallel faults, such as the graben bounding faults. The presence of an AMC has been reported along the Reykjanes ridge using seismic reflection and refraction data8. Although the Reykj ...
Upper mantle velocity-temperature conversion and composition
... horizontal and 20 km along the vertical [Shapiro and Ritzwoller, 2004]. Herrin and Taggert [1962] and Herrin [1969] have established the regional character of variations of traveltime anomalies and Pn velocities in the United States. These variations have been linked to temperature anomalies [Horai ...
... horizontal and 20 km along the vertical [Shapiro and Ritzwoller, 2004]. Herrin and Taggert [1962] and Herrin [1969] have established the regional character of variations of traveltime anomalies and Pn velocities in the United States. These variations have been linked to temperature anomalies [Horai ...
Electrical conductivity as a constraint on lower mantle thermo
... 3D conductivity structures observed in these models strongly differ both in amplitude and distribution, and are limited to depths of 1600 km. The direct approach, which consists of calculating synthetic electrical conductivity models from observed or a priori thermochemical models, provides valuable ...
... 3D conductivity structures observed in these models strongly differ both in amplitude and distribution, and are limited to depths of 1600 km. The direct approach, which consists of calculating synthetic electrical conductivity models from observed or a priori thermochemical models, provides valuable ...
Geochemistry of Jurassic Oceanic Crust beneath
... critically dependent on the effects of hydrothermal alteration near the ridge axis and the subduction process on the Pb isotope systematics of ocean crust. Ocean island basalts have long been considered to be one of the major means for evaluating mantle heterogeneity, based on the belief that ocean ...
... critically dependent on the effects of hydrothermal alteration near the ridge axis and the subduction process on the Pb isotope systematics of ocean crust. Ocean island basalts have long been considered to be one of the major means for evaluating mantle heterogeneity, based on the belief that ocean ...
- ResearchOnline@JCU
... Comparison of the high-grade metamorphic rocks with equivalent igneous rocks from western New Caledonia demonstrates that the main chemical variations of the rocks are related to differences in their magmatic history and to different degrees of seafloor alteration, whereas high-pressure metamorphism ...
... Comparison of the high-grade metamorphic rocks with equivalent igneous rocks from western New Caledonia demonstrates that the main chemical variations of the rocks are related to differences in their magmatic history and to different degrees of seafloor alteration, whereas high-pressure metamorphism ...
The structure, isostasy and gravity field of the Levant continental
... sediment. Variable density distributions are suggested for the sedimentary succession in accord with its composition and compaction. The spatial density distribution in the crystalline crust was calculated by weighting the thicknesses of the lower mafic and the upper felsic crustal layers, with dens ...
... sediment. Variable density distributions are suggested for the sedimentary succession in accord with its composition and compaction. The spatial density distribution in the crystalline crust was calculated by weighting the thicknesses of the lower mafic and the upper felsic crustal layers, with dens ...
Sub-slab mantle flow parallel to the Caribbean plate boundaries
... Upper-mantle deformation near the margins of the Caribbean plate is investigated using observations of shear-wave splitting in teleseismic and local shear phases. The Caribbean plate is almost stationary in the hot-spot reference frame and is wedged between the North America, South America, Nazca an ...
... Upper-mantle deformation near the margins of the Caribbean plate is investigated using observations of shear-wave splitting in teleseismic and local shear phases. The Caribbean plate is almost stationary in the hot-spot reference frame and is wedged between the North America, South America, Nazca an ...
Reasons and types of plate movement
... When volume goes up …. Density goes down What is the density of an object with a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 2 ml? What is the density of the same object that still has a mass of 10 grams but a volume of 5 ml? ...
... When volume goes up …. Density goes down What is the density of an object with a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 2 ml? What is the density of the same object that still has a mass of 10 grams but a volume of 5 ml? ...
... is considered as the collision suture between the two fastconverging plates (Ho, 1986; Tsai, 1986). The Longitudinal Valley extends for about 160 km along the north-northeast– south-southwest orientation with less than 10 km width in most places and is filled up with Quaternary sediments. The crust ...
Subduction-related intermediate-depth and deep seismicity in Italy
... subducted under the Northern Apennines since about 23 Myear at rates of ca. 1 cm/year, whereas more than 700 km of Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere (Ionian lithosphere) have been subducted under the Calabrian arc at rates of about 3 cm/year. However, a well-developed Wadati-Benioff zone can be only reco ...
... subducted under the Northern Apennines since about 23 Myear at rates of ca. 1 cm/year, whereas more than 700 km of Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere (Ionian lithosphere) have been subducted under the Calabrian arc at rates of about 3 cm/year. However, a well-developed Wadati-Benioff zone can be only reco ...
Introduction: Anatomy of rifting: Tectonics and magmatism in
... oceans is an essential step toward improving our knowledge of global plate tectonics. Central to this problem is the link between lithospheric thinning and magmatic intrusion, and how these processes manifest during continental rifting and plate spreading. Continental extension in rifts thins the li ...
... oceans is an essential step toward improving our knowledge of global plate tectonics. Central to this problem is the link between lithospheric thinning and magmatic intrusion, and how these processes manifest during continental rifting and plate spreading. Continental extension in rifts thins the li ...
reprint - Richard Allen
... segmentation. The southern and northern ends of the subduction zone are mountainous, but the central region is relatively flat and low lying. The Klamath Mountains at the southern end of the subduction zone are composed of metamorphic oceanic rocks (Harden, 1998). The Olympic Peninsula at the norther ...
... segmentation. The southern and northern ends of the subduction zone are mountainous, but the central region is relatively flat and low lying. The Klamath Mountains at the southern end of the subduction zone are composed of metamorphic oceanic rocks (Harden, 1998). The Olympic Peninsula at the norther ...
6 Planetary Interiors - Center for Integrative Planetary Science
... an atomic metallic state. No measurements exist on the dissociation of metallic molecular hydrogen into metallic atomic hydrogen, however. At much higher temperatures, theory predicts that hydrogen may either become highly degenerate, or a plasma. Whether this transition is continuous, as expected f ...
... an atomic metallic state. No measurements exist on the dissociation of metallic molecular hydrogen into metallic atomic hydrogen, however. At much higher temperatures, theory predicts that hydrogen may either become highly degenerate, or a plasma. Whether this transition is continuous, as expected f ...
The significance of sheeted dike complexes in ophiolites
... Oceanic lithosphere is produced at different rates along modern spreading centers, leading to different structural architectures (Karson, 1998). Fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are generally characterized by a voluminous magma supply and have well-defined convex axial highs, whereas slow-spreading r ...
... Oceanic lithosphere is produced at different rates along modern spreading centers, leading to different structural architectures (Karson, 1998). Fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are generally characterized by a voluminous magma supply and have well-defined convex axial highs, whereas slow-spreading r ...
Geophysical assessment of migration and storage conditions of
... different seismic observables, a reduction in seismic velocities and quality factor Q can be used to infer fluidbearing regions at depth and define fluid pathways (e.g., Syracuse et al. 2008; Rychert et al. 2008). In particular, seismic wave attenuation (Q−1) and Poisson's ratio (Vp/Vs) are sensitiv ...
... different seismic observables, a reduction in seismic velocities and quality factor Q can be used to infer fluidbearing regions at depth and define fluid pathways (e.g., Syracuse et al. 2008; Rychert et al. 2008). In particular, seismic wave attenuation (Q−1) and Poisson's ratio (Vp/Vs) are sensitiv ...
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a mechanism proposed in 1971 to explain volcanic regions of the earth that were not thought to be explicable by the then-new theory of plate tectonics. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, for example, Hawaii. Others represent unusually large-volume volcanism, whether on plate boundaries, e.g. Iceland, or basalt floods such as the Deccan or Siberian traps.A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. The currently active volcanic centers are known as ""hot spots"". In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, was thought to provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the ""Plate model"". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.